Sintered Bottom and Vitrified Silica Ashes Derived from Incinerated Municipal Solid Waste as Circular Economy-Friendly Partial Replacements for Cement in Mortars

Sintered bottom ash (SBA) and vitrified ash (VA) derived from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) at 1200 °C were used in this study as replacements for Type 2 Portland cement (CEM-II) based mortars. This approach negates the need to send them to landfill, benefits the circular economy and contributes towards the decarbonisation of cementitious construction materials in response to international net zero carbon emission agendas. The material (physico-chemical) characteristics of VA and SBA were analysed before being used as partial replacements for CEM-II in mortars, whereby compressive strength (CS) was the primary criterion for assessing engineering performance. VA and SBA replaced CEM-II at dosages of 10%, 25% and 50% based on their high inorganic and pozzolanic contents; whereby the 10% and 25% replacements did not compromise mortar strength. The alkalinity and pozzolanic properties of SBA collectively indicated it has greater potential as a cementitious material over VA, which possessed a neutral pH. The 28-day CS recorded for mixtures containing 25% VA and 10% SBA were 13.74 MPa and 11.77 MPa, respectively compared with 17.06 MPa for CEM-II control samples. The use of 2% additional water in 25% SBA mortar designs improved strength further, indicating that SBA’s water retention properties permitted further hydration and strength development with curing. Microstructural, mineralogical and infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that these strengths were owed to the formation of silicate-based hydration products. The outcomes from this study highlight that SBA has potential for replacing CEM-II and VA as a filler in cementitious mortar. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]</p

A cost-effective strategy for marker assisted selection (MAS) in apple (M. pumila Mill.): the experience from the Fondazione Edmund Mach programme for resistance and quality traits

7III International Symposium on Molecular Markers in Horticulture, Riva del Garda (TN), Italy, September 25-27, 2013partially_openInternationalMarker assisted selection (MAS) permits the selection of plants carrying genes that control interesting agronomic traits through the screening of associated markers; this allows the breeders to retain only germplasm conferring desirable traits from an early stage. Usually MAS involves the screening of hundreds or thousands of seedlings and thus the main challenge faced is the development of a pipeline that starts with a “lab friendly” and unambiguous seedling disposition in greenhouse, allows the rapid collection of samples avoiding cross contamination, implements a fast, cost-effective, high-throughput method of DNA extraction to be used for a small number of PCRs, and utilizes robust, reliable, and easy to interpret molecular markers. In this study ~6,500 seedlings from 24 apple crosses were genotyped in order to select seedlings conferring resistance traits, fruit quality traits or both. Lab work was performed using the KAPA 3G Plant PCR kit. The main problems encountered were associated with dirty extractions; however, following optimization less than 10% of the seedlings had to be resampled and in total about 70% of the samples tested carried desirable traitspartially_openBanchi, E.; Poles, L.; Magnago, P.; Pindo, M.; Costa, F.; Velasco, R.; Sargent, D.J.Banchi, E.; Poles, L.; Magnago, P.; Pindo, M.; Costa, F.; Velasco, R.; Sargent, D.J

Development and validation of a 20K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) whole genome genotyping array for apple (Malus × domestica Borkh)

High-density SNP arrays for genome-wide assessment of allelic variation have made high resolution genetic characterization of crop germplasm feasible. A medium density array for apple, the IRSC 8 K SNP array, has been successfully developed and used for screens of bi-parental populations. However, the number of robust and well-distributed markers contained on this array was not sufficient to perform genome-wide association analyses in wider germplasm sets, or Pedigree-Based Analysis at high precision, because of rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium. We describe the development of an Illumina Infinium array targeting 20 K SNPs. The SNPs were predicted from re-sequencing data derived from the genomes of 13 Malus × domestica apple cultivars and one accession belonging to a crab apple species (M. micromalus). A pipeline for SNP selection was devised that avoided the pitfalls associated with the inclusion of paralogous sequence variants, supported the construction of robust multi-allelic SNP haploblocks and selected up to 11 entries within narrow genomic regions of ±5 kb, termed focal points (FPs). Broad genome coverage was attained by placing FPs at 1 cM intervals on a consensus genetic map, complementing them with FPs to enrich the ends of each of the chromosomes, and by bridging physical intervals greater than 400 Kbps. The selection also included ~3.7 K validated SNPs from the IRSC 8 K array. The array has already been used in other studies where ~15.8 K SNP markers were mapped with an average of ~6.8 K SNPs per full-sib family. The newly developed array with its high density of polymorphic validated SNPs is expected to be of great utility for Pedigree-Based Analysis and Genomic Selection. It will also be a valuable tool to help dissect the genetic mechanisms controlling important fruit quality traits, and to aid the identification of marker-trait associations suitable for the application of Marker Assisted Selection in apple breeding programs

The Large Scale Structure in the Universe: From Power-Laws to Acoustic Peaks

The most popular tools for analysing the large scale distribution of galaxies are second-order spatial statistics such as the two-point correlation function or its Fourier transform, the power spectrum. In this review, we explain how our knowledge of cosmic structures, encapsulated by these statistical descriptors, has evolved since their first use when applied on the early galaxy catalogues to the present generation of wide and deep redshift surveys, incorporating the most challenging discovery in the study of the galaxy distribution: the detection of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, to appear in "Data Analysis in Cosmology", Lecture Notes in Physics, 2008, eds. V. J. Martinez, E. Saar, E. Martinez-Gonzalez, and M.J. Pons-Borderia, Springer-Verla

An evaluation of the suitability of selected waste products in feeds for three fish species

Five types of aquatic food industry waste products (carp offal, carp roe, fish frames, trout offal and surimi processing waste) together with fish meal were evaluated for their suitability as potential fish meal replacements, partially or wholly, in diets for three species (rainbow trout, Murray cod and shortfin eel) cultured in Australia, using a number of criteria.The proximate composition of the ingredients on a dry matter basis including protein content, lipid and ash, varied considerably. The essential amino acid (EAA) contents of the waste products and fish meal decreased in the order: carp roe &gt; fish meal &gt; carp offal &gt; \u27surimi\u27 processing waste &gt; fish frames &gt; trout offal. The results of cluster analysis of A/E ratios of waste products and fish whole body fell within three clusters. The EAAI of whole body tissue of Murray cod, rainbow trout and Australian shortfin eel however, were closest to fish meal, followed by fish frame waste and/or \u27surimi\u27 waste. The results on A/E ratios and EAAI did not conform to the raw data on TAA and EAA. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need to have a multi-prong approach to determine the suitability of ingredients for incorporation into fish feeds.<br /

Suppressed phase segregation for triple-junction perovskite solar cells

The tunable bandgaps and facile fabrication of perovskites make them attractive for multi-junction photovoltaics 1,2. However, light-induced phase segregation limits their efficiency and stability 3–5: this occurs in wide-bandgap (>1.65 electron volts) iodide/bromide mixed perovskite absorbers, and becomes even more acute in the top cells of triple-junction solar photovoltaics that require a fully 2.0-electron-volt bandgap absorber 2,6. Here we report that lattice distortion in iodide/bromide mixed perovskites is correlated with the suppression of phase segregation, generating an increased ion-migration energy barrier arising from the decreased average interatomic distance between the A-site cation and iodide. Using an approximately 2.0-electron-volt rubidium/caesium mixed-cation inorganic perovskite with large lattice distortion in the top subcell, we fabricated all-perovskite triple-junction solar cells and achieved an efficiency of 24.3 per cent (23.3 per cent certified quasi-steady-state efficiency) with an open-circuit voltage of 3.21 volts. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported certified efficiency for perovskite-based triple-junction solar cells. The triple-junction devices retain 80 per cent of their initial efficiency following 420 hours of operation at the maximum power point

Observations of the High Redshift Universe

(Abridged) In these lectures aimed for non-specialists, I review progress in understanding how galaxies form and evolve. Both the star formation history and assembly of stellar mass can be empirically traced from redshifts z~6 to the present, but how the various distant populations inter-relate and how stellar assembly is regulated by feedback and environmental processes remains unclear. I also discuss how these studies are being extended to locate and characterize the earlier sources beyond z~6. Did early star-forming galaxies contribute significantly to the reionization process and over what period did this occur? Neither theory nor observations are well-developed in this frontier topic but the first results presented here provide important guidance on how we will use more powerful future facilities.Comment: To appear in `First Light in Universe', Saas-Fee Advanced Course 36, Swiss Soc. Astrophys. Astron. in press. 115 pages, 64 figures (see http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~rse/saas-fee.pdf for hi-res figs.) For lecture ppt files see http://obswww.unige.ch/saas-fee/preannouncement/course_pres/overview_f.htm