James Blair Historical Review

The mission of the James Blair Historical Review is to publish the College of William and Mary’s best undergraduate history research papers, and thereby showcase the talent of the College’s history students and the strength of her Department of History. The Historical Review seeks to provide a professional platform through which students can explore historically significant themes and issues.The Field of Cloth of Gold: Henry VIII’s Display of Princely Magnificence -Ami Limoncelli Sacrifice and Salvation: Religious Drama in Colonial Mexico -Andrew DiAntonio Insurrections and Independence: How the Gunpowder Incident Thrust British and Afro-Virginians into the American Revolution -Nicole Lidstrom “Black as an Indian and Dirty as a Pig” The Unexpected Perseverance of Female Hospital Workers during America’s Civil War -Anna Storm Australian Aboriginal Rights The 1967 Referendum -Lisa Keppl

HbA1c, fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose in current, ex-, and non-smokers: a meta-analysis

Aims/Hypothesis: The relationships between smoking and glycaemic variables have not been well explored. We compared HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2 h plasma glucose (2H-PG) in current, ex- and never-smokers. Methods: This meta-analysis used individual data from 16,886 men and 18,539 women without known diabetes in 12 DETECT-2 consortium studies and in the French Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) and Telecom studies. Means of three glycaemic variables in current, ex- and never-smokers were modelled by linear regression, with study as a random factor. The I2 statistic was used to evaluate heterogeneity among studies. Results: HbA1c was 0.10% (95% CI 0.08, 0.12) (1.1 mmol/mol [0.9, 1.3]) higher in current smokers and 0.03% (0.01, 0.05) (0.3 mmol/mol [0.1, 0.5]) higher in ex-smokers, compared with never-smokers. For FPG, there was no significant difference between current and never-smokers (−0.004 mmol/l [−0.03, 0.02]) but FPG was higher in ex-smokers (0.12 mmol/l [0.09, 0.14]). In comparison with never-smokers, 2H-PG was lower (−0.44 mmol/l [−0.52, −0.37]) in current smokers, with no difference for ex-smokers (0.02 mmol/l [−0.06, 0.09]).There was a large and unexplained heterogeneity among studies, with I2 always above 50%; I2 was little changed after stratification by sex and adjustment for age and BMI. In this study population, current smokers had a prevalence of diabetes that was 1.30% higher as screened by HbA1c and 0.52% lower as screened by 2H-PG, in comparison with never-smokers. Conclusion/interpretation: Across this heterogeneous group of studies, current smokers had a higher HbA1c and lower 2H-PG than never-smokers. This will affect the chances of smokers being diagnosed with diabetes