47 research outputs found
A Governance Perspective on Development Issues
Economic growth and poverty reduction are difficult to achieve in the best of times. With decaying institutions and poor governance, these goals become an impossible dream. That is why the theme of this year’s annual meeting is “Governance, Institutional Reform, and Economic Growth”. I hope that the papers being presented and the discussions on or around this theme during these four days will indicate the way forward from the current morass. I shall not bore you with the details of the economy’s deplorable condition—most of you are familiar with them. Its deterioration is best judged by the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) ratings for Pakistan, which are computed by weighting three elements—corruption, rule of law, and bureaucratic quality. These ratings for Pakistan in 1998 are three times what they were in 1982. This means that on a relative scale, things in Pakistan are three times as bad in 1998 as the 1982 levels. Still, I must dwell on the essential elements of this year’s theme for a way forward. I strongly believe that our salvation now lies in good governance and appropriate institutional reform which is sustained over a suitably long period of time.
Impact of Changing Profile of Rural Land Market in Pakistan on Resource Allocation and Equity
Agricultural impact
Recent Evidence on Farm Size and Land Productivity: Implications for Public Policy
Agricultural productivity is low in most of the developing countries including Pakistan. Moreover, slow and meandering agricultural growth is unable to keep pace with the fast and persistently growing population pressure in these countries. That in turn, has, continued to result in malnutrition and recurrent famines [Cornia (1985)]. Worse than this are the results of an ILO (1977) study, which has shown that food consumption inequalities have actually increased overtime not only in the food deficit countries but also in countries experiencing rapid agricultural growth. This points to the ever-hanging shadows of food deficiency and resulting malnutrition over the countries characterised by slow or negative growth in per capita food production and perverted income distribution [Cornia (1985)]. The only choice with these countries is to enhance food production and provide better access to food consumption for the poor masses. In order to achieve this objective policy-makers consider various options including increased use of modern inputs—mechanical and biological technologies, and removal or reform of the prevalent socio-economic power structure in agriculture that is considered to be an impediment to growth. It may not be desirable to apply these options separately in order to achieve the objective of reducing rural poverty [Cornia (1985)]. Growth in agriculture—that is sustainable and appropriate, is possible when all factors of production are accessible to all strata of the farming community. This is particularly so in the case of access to land. In this regard, land redistribution accompanied by increased input supply is the preferred policy option.
A Critical Evaluation of the Budgetary Process for Public Expenditure in Pakistan
Over the past decade budgetary policies have emphasised a firm
restraint on the growth of total expenditure and a restructuring of the
profile of both current and development expenditure to deal with a high
fiscal deficit in Pakistan. Regarding current expenditure, there has
been an increasing emphasis on meeting fully the recurrent cost
requirements of completed public investments and on the minimisation of
the costly subsidY programmes. Development expenditure has been
increasingly directed towards the priority sectors pertaining to
physical and social infrastructure and to early completion of the
on-going development projects. Effective public expenditure management
places heavy demands on existing government institutions and has a much
wider scope than the formulation and implementation of conventional
expenditure budgets. The formulation of an appropriate macroeconomic
framework, selection of projects on a sound basis, prqper designing of
public sector investment programmes and appropriate linkages between
planning and budgetary processes is as, if not more, important than the
narrow focus on expenditure budgeting [Hussain (1979»). Notwithstanding
the importance of these broader aspects of budgetary issues, this paper
does not deal with such public expenditure management issues. Instead it
concentrates on a description and an analysis of the formulation process
of government expenditure budgeting. The conventional practice in
Pakistan in the formulation of expenditure budgets is based on the
''bottom-up" demands of various government agencies. Feats regarding the
adverse consequences of deficit financing with respect to macro
instability have persuaded the government to impose constraints on total
expenditure. Donor agencies, especially the International Monetary Fund,
have been instrumental in the imposition of 'top-down' constraints on
the 'bottom-up' demands
Credit for Rural Poor in Pakistan
Farmers, large and small, and the non-farm population in rural
areas all suffer from the liquidity constraint. Credit is needed to
acquire command over the use of working capital, fixed capital, and
consumption goods. The Green Revolution technologies have increased the
credit requirement for modern inputs and farm investment. A new expanded
role of rural credit institutions has emerged in the wake of the
technology revol~tion in rural areas. Two distinct approaches have been
used to provide the financial services to the rural poor. The most
widely favoured approach in the past was the use of subsidised interest
rates with a portion of credit reserved for the poor. The low interest
policy was based on the premise that it would induce farmers, large and
small, to use modern' inputs on a larger scale. One of the adverse
side-effect of this policy was the introduction of an element of
financial unsustainability in the loan portfolios of the credit
institutions. The recent view about the delivery of rural credit
consists of using market interest rates and using a mixture of
'bottom-up initiatives' at the local level, using non-government groups
and 'top-down initiatives' by the formal credit institutions in terms of
the simplification of the procedures and decentralisation of the credit
operation for credit supply to the rural poor. In this paper, an attempt
is made to evaluate the efficacy of these two approaches in the case of
Pakistan for delivering credit to the rural poor
Recent Evidence on Farm Size and Land Productivity: Implications for Public Policy
Agricultural productivity is low in most of the developing
countries including Pakistan. Moreover, slow and meandering agricultural
growth is unable to keep pace with the fast and persistently growing
population pressure in these countries. That in turn, has, continued to
result in malnutrition and recurrent famines [Cornia (1985)]. Worse than
this are the results of an ILO (1977) study, which has shown that food
consumption inequalities have actually increased overtime not only in
the food deficit countries but also in countries experiencing rapid
agricultural growth. This points to the ever-hanging shadows of food
deficiency and resulting malnutrition over the countries characterised
by slow or negative growth in per capita food production and perverted
income distribution [Cornia (1985)]. The only choice with these
countries is to enhance food production and provide better access to
food consumption for the poor masses
Regulatory Issues in Pakistan Telecommunication
Growth in telecom infrastructure and provision of modern telecom services to consumers at a cost based tariff helps growth of national economy. Modern telecoms serve as the engine of growth of national economy. Following the global trends of liberalisation and deregulation in telecoms monopolies which have thus far been providing inefficient communication at a greedily high tariffs are falling apart. Mergers in telecoms are not for increasing the size of the monopoly but to provide more efficient and cost effective services to the consumers. In Pakistan the erstwhile T&T department played a needful role at its time. Conversion of the department into a corporation and then into a company were steps necessary for following the global trends. Need now is to continue this trend further, eliminate the monopolistic approach by allowing more players in the field thus permitting the market forces to decide the provision of better quality of modern services at competitive price. In this paper, an attempt is made to specify the fundamental objectives of public policy which should govern the supply of telecommunications facilities in Pakistan. The economic perspective for the sector implies that the past approach towards the telecommunication policy in Pakistan was flawed and had required a drastic strategic change.