Role of youth in the Election of National Assembly 2013 (Case study of NA-48 & NA-49)

Abstract: This study is aimed to examine the role of youth in National Assembly Elections-2013 in Islamabad. After May,11, 2013 General Elections a Elections commission of Pakistan reported that due to involvement of youth the huge turnout in the elections first time in the Pakistanâ’s history. This study also examines this claim and analyzes different factors due to which young people are more involved in political process. It addresses different mobilization trends of political parties create interest among youth; their attitude towards the political institutions; their perception about the effectiveness of political parties and politicians; and their need to have a platform for their political ideology. This study also examines whether Socio-political culture of politics in Pakistan is responsible in shaping young peoples’ values and views on politics. Furthermore, it also focused the uses of media and Specially social media among the youth for campaigns by different political parties. It is also highlighted in the research that youth is seems frustrate before elections-2013. This descriptive study is qualitative in nature. This study collected a sample of 50 youth from educational institutions as well as from kachi abadis of Islamabad. The findings reveal that young people were frustrate due to traditional politics in Pakistan, lack of political education and political socialization. This study finds out that young people are aware of political scenario and they do take interest in political talk shows in the media but this awareness and interest does not always translate into formal or conventional engagement with political party structures through membership etc. The conclusion that new mobilization trends specially social media attract the young people towards National Assembly Elections and increasing the political interest which also leads towards higher voter turnout in the General elections-2013

The mechanism of anticarcinogenic effects of tualang honey (TH) on induced breast cancer in rats

The multifloral Tualang honey (TH) and the monofloral Manuka honey (MH) have been reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Unlike the Manuka honey, TH is not extensively studied. We conducted a study to evaluate the mechanisms of the preventive and therapeutic effects of TH and MH on experimental breast cancer induced rats using carcinogen 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU). We also conducted a similar cancer therapeutic study using Honey sugars analogue (HSA), a fluid which contains the proportion of sugars in honey. A total of 130 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Sixty female rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 10 animals per group in each study. Group ‘0’ did not receive MNU and did not receive honey (negative Control); Group 1 received MNU but not honey/honey sugars analogue (positive Control). Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed orally with 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 1.0 g/kg body weight of TH, and Group 5 received 1.0 g/kg body weight of MH. Group 6 received 1.0 g/kg body weight of HSA in therapeutic study. For the “cancer-preventive” study, honey was given one week prior to MNU-induction and for the “cancer-therapeutic” study; honey was given when the first palpable tumor reached 10-12 mm in size. The development of mammary tumors and body weights were charted throughout the study. The rats in all treated groups continued to receive the treatment until the 120th day when they were sacrificed. At autopsy, blood was drawn for haematological and serological analysis. The tumors were harvested for gross and histopathological examinations, and determination of pro and antiapoptotic proteins expression by immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies. Results showed that TH and MH treated rats of “cancer-preventive” groups had a lower tumor incidence (the number of animals developing tumors), and a longer latency period (the interval when the first tumor developed after MNU induction) compared to the non-treated control group. The number of tumors developed in the treated groups was lesser than the non-treated control group (p˂0.05). Regardless of honey treatment given, either before or after the breast cancer development, the tumors had slower size increment (˂1.48 cm3 and ˂2 cm3 for cancer preventive and therapeutic effects respectively) compared to the non-treated control group (=2.85 cm3 and =3.84 cm3 respectively). The median weight (g) and size (cm3) of the tumors in treated groups were also significantly lower (p˂0.05). A significant actual body weight gain was Histopathological examination showed various tumor patterns; ranging from benign, DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ), micropapillary and NOS (not-otherwise specified) type. The treated groups showed more patterns of benign tumors compared to the non-treated control group. The majority of the tumors in the treated groups were of better grade (grade І and ІІ) compared to the non-treated control group (grade ІІІ). The haematological parameters showed that different dosages of TH, MH and HSA had an increasing effect on Hb (haemoglobin), RBC (red blood cells), PCV (packed cell volume), MCV (mean corpuscular volume), lymphocytes and eosinophils counts compared to the non-treated positive control. Treatments with TH, MH and HSA presented a decreasing effect on TWBC (total white blood cells), RDW (red cell distribution width), polymorphs, monocytes and platelets counts compared to the non-treated positive control. Various preparations of TH, MH and HSA showed no hyperglycemic effect on fasting blood glucose level. Serum biochemistry showed that the rats treated with TH, MH and HSA had an increased level of pro-apoptotic proteins; Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease activating factor 1) and IFN

Street Children and its Impacts on Society

Abstract: The present research was aimed to explore the nature of Children on the Street’s relationship with Society and its impacts such as living conditions, basic needs; behaviour of people and police, education, harassment. Using the purposive and convenience sampling technique, forty children on the street were selected for interviews from the areas, Golra Shareef and Bari Imam of Islamabad. Interview based questionnaire has been used as research tool and based on that questionnaire, analysis is provided in chapter four with details. The results indicate that the main factors behind pushing children to the street are poverty, unemployment, orphaned, and disability, which leads these children towards terrorism and many other social evils. Such children are viewed negatively by the people and are considered a social burden. This research revealed that most of the children on the street face harassment but females face more than males. Children on the street are abused physically by police as well. It also focused that the behavior of society towards street children is not positive. Street is the most dangerous and threatening place for physical and sexual abuse

Traditional Methods to Measure Volatility: Case Study of Selective Developed and Emerging Markets

Importance of volatility in developed as well as emerging markets can never be under estimated. Volatility is measured by traditional measures such as standard deviation. This study measures volatility and examines the relative volatility during 1997-2009. Using  global  stock  market  indexes  of  countries  categorized  as  an  emerging  and developed  capital  markets  are  utilized. All the selected stock returns shown non-normality. Emerging market indexes show more non-normality and higher kurtosis values indicate high peakedness of return distributions. Evidences  during  this  time  period  highlight that  volatility is  not  the  only phenomena of emerging capital markets. Some developed capital markets are more volatile than emerging in the selected sample. Keywords: Volatility, standard deviation, emerging markets; International diversification

Improving Cognitive Development in Secondary Chemistry through Gagne's Events Of Instruction

The work being presented here intended to investigate the role of Gagne's events of instruction in the teaching learning process. The focus of this study was to bring about improvement in the conceptual framework and strengthening of their neural networks and the pruning misconceptions of students in the subject of chemistry at secondary level and to evaluate whether the events of instruction are helpful to assimilate the stimulus material with the neural networks of the learners. It was also observed that the events of instruction significantly reduced the learning time and simultaneously the assimilation rate was also increased. Information bridging time was reduced to a significant level. Comparison was made between the students taught by Gagne's events and the students taught by traditional method of instruction. The change or significant difference was observed in favor of those students who were treated by Gagne's events of instruction. The study put emphasis on the incorporation of Gagne's events of instruction while planning, designing and teaching phase of lesson plan. The events of instruction need to be employed in the planning and designing phase of teaching learning process. The teachers can improve their pedagogical content knowledge and can design the learning situations and learning environments that are conducive to learning. So the teaching learning process, teacher's teaching skills can be made efficient and effective by incorporating Gagne's events of instruction

Effect of Intraumbilical Oxytocin on Duration of Third Stage of Labour

Background:To determine the efficacy of intraumbilical oxytocin in reducing duration of third stage of labor, compared to routine active management of third stage of labor(AMTSL).Methods: In this randomized controlled trial one hundred parturient women were divided in two groups consisting of 50 each. Active management of third stage was done in both the groups. The study group in addition to active management, received oxytocin 10 international units( IU) diluted in 10ml normal saline through the umbilical vein and control group received equal volume of normal saline as placebo .The mean time taken for the completion of third stage was calculated for both groups in terms of minutes. The mean time “t” between the two groups was compared using Independent sample- t test. P value<0.05 was taken significant.Results: The mean duration of third stage of labor was 4.38±0.88 minutes in the study group, compared to 5.12±1.32 minutes in the control group which was significant statistically p=0.001. There was no incidence of retained placenta and none of placenta remain undelivered beyond 15 minutes in both groups.Conclusion: Intraumbilical oxytocin when given along with active management significantly reduces the mean duration of third stage of labour, compared to active management alone

Negative staining: a forgotten technique in microbiology

Electron microscopy techniques have been well established as a rapid method in examining the basic characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria as well as viruses and subsequently, exploring biological phenomena in greater detail. Though various staining techniques are available for the accurate identification of bacteria and viruses, the negative staining technique is well known for its simplicity. Negative staining is a fast technique that uses only one acidic stain and the absence of heat fixation of the sample. This stain can produce contrast images when an acidic stain does not infiltrate the cell due to repulsion between negative charges of the stain and the bacteria/viruses’ surface. However, this technique is currently fast disappearing from mainstream microscopy techniques. Thus, this short review is intended to highlight the advantages (this wasn’t discussed explicitly) and applications of the negative staining technique among laboratorians, particularly in the current, fast-paced lab environment

Impact of Bullying On the Performance of the Students at Primary Level in Sindh

The study was designed to find out the impact of bullying on the performance of the students at primary level of the students in Sindh. All Heads and Teachers working at government primary schools of Sindh were constituted population of the study. The study was delimited to the government primary schools of district Hyderabad. The study was significant in this sense that administrators of the schools can plan their best schedule for minimizing the bad practice of bullying into the government primary schools of Sindh. Government can also plan best curriculum to engage the students into different activities so that rate of bullying can be decreased. Twenty male Heads and one hundred male teachers were taken randomly through simple random sampling technique for the collection of the data. Two questionnaires were prepared for Heads and the Teachers respectively for collection of the information. After getting information from the heads and teachers, data was tabulated and analyzed by applying suitable statistical tools. It was concluded from the results that rate of bullying at primary schools is higher as compared to the schools of others districts of Sindh. It was suggested that different seminars should be arranged for imparting new techniques to deal with the students at primary level and to increase their knowledge rather rate of bullying into the schools. Keywords: Bullying, Curriculum, Techniques, Knowledg

Rural Credit and Rural Development: Some Issues

Credit plays an important role in acquiring command over the use of working capital, fixed capital, and consumption goods that leads to growth and development of a country. The paper investigates that the role of non-institutional sources is quite clearly borne out. The price paid for institutional credit in Pakistan Kept low by the government. Institutional credit reforms implemented has not been effective. There is a great need to have the land reforms prior to credit reforms. The importance of social and economic infrastructure needs to be addressed. Appropriate use of new credit should be assured. Proper credit policy be designed and implemented.