Chemical composition and comparison of genetic variation of commonly available Thai garlic used as food supplement

In order to classify true garlic cultivars, comparisons of oil composition and genetic of three garlic cultivars (Allium sativum L.) commonly used for essential oil production in the northern Thai market [viz., Thai (TH), Chinese (CH) and Pingpong (PP) cultivars] were carried out. Garlic essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave hydrodistillation which were then analysed for chemical components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The RAPD data suggests similarity (>95%) of the three cultivars in chemical compositions, and the major compounds are trisulphide, di-2-propenyl, the disulphide, di-2-propenyl, and the trisulphide, methyl 2-propenyl. Sulphur-containing compounds (Rf = 0.18-0.2) were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with ninhydrin staining reagent. The essential oil of CH from hydrodistillation and microwave hydrodistillation showed the highest alliin content. The RAPD analysis of the three garlic cultivars presents 45 fragments. A dendrogram shows genetic similarity between the garlic cultivars. The TH and the CH showed similarity value as 0.93, while the PP was classified as a different cluster. Though there was considerable similarity between the chemical and the genetic profiles of the TH and the CH, the CH demonstrated high potential as an ingredient in food supplement products due to its high alliin content

Potentials of Mahachanok mango peel pectin in modulating glycaemic index in simulated in vitro carbohydrate digestion of meat product

Pectin derived from mango peel biomass offers a noteworthy alternative to starch in food products, potentially assisting in controlling hyperglycaemia by impacting starch digestion. Consequently, this study evaluates the potential of Mahachanok mango peel (MHMP) pectin in glycaemic index (GI) reduction of meat products using simulated in vitro carbohydrate digestion. The physicochemical characteristics of MHMP pectin (MHMPP) were assessed using both FTIR and titration techniques, with microarray polymer profiling employed to analyse the glycan profile. In vitro simulations of carbohydrate digestion were carried out to assess its efficacy. Additionally, meatballs fortified with MHMPP were formulated, and the glycaemic index of the resultant products was ascertained. Microarray polymer profiling revealed distinct glycans in different fractions, including galactose, xyloglucan, and glycoprotein. Microwave extraction of pectin yielded 19.04 % MHMPP content with specific characteristics: L* (58.04), a* (12.80), b* (23.50), 6.81 % moisture content, and 78.63 % solubility. The degree of esterification at 55.73 %, an equivalent weight of 789.26 mg/moL, and a methoxyl content of 8.39 %, evidently identified MHMPP as high-methoxyl pectin. In a simulated system of MHMPP, content correlates with reduced digestion, supported by lowered values across the hydrolysis index (HI), rapidly available glucose (RAG), slowly available glucose (SAG), and expected glycaemic index (eGI). Higher MHMPP levels consistently exhibit a decreased impact on these digestive factors. In a simulated meat product system, increased MHMPP content corresponded to slower digestion rates, indicating its potential to retard digestion, as supported by HI, RAG, SAG, and eGI. The supplementation of 25 % pectin to meatballs is the most successful treatment, as it results in eGI, RAG, and SAG values of 8.71 (mg/gsample), 6.65 (mg/gsample), and 1.85 (mg/gsample), respectively. This study highlights the advantage of MHMP-derived dietary fibre in product development from industrial byproducts, aligning with sustainable development goals by reducing reliance on non-renewable materials

Phytochemical and Bioactive Properties of Phlogacanthus and Andrographis Genus Plants: Potential for Post-Pandemic Home Remedies

This study aimed to differentiate the morphological characteristics, chemical constituents, and bioactive potential of Acanthaceae family plants, specifically three Phlogacanthus species and Andrographis paniculata. Under identical conditions, cutting stock plant of three Phlogacanthus species (Dee pla kung, Hom chang, and Cha hom) and Andrographis paniculata (Fah talai jone) were pruned and cultivated at the Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Center. The morphology, biomass yield, and growth rates of the plants were observed after 90 days. Methanolic extracts of the dried aerial parts of these plants were analyzed for bioactive compounds, such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total lactone content (TLC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays). The results revealed that Hom chang had the maximum relative growth rate (RGR) of 2.64 x 10-3 cm/cm/day among the plants, as determined by the morphology analysis. Cha hom and Dee pla kung, on the other hand, had substantially greater biomass yields than the other species. Regarding chemical properties, Dee pla kung exhibited high TPC (13.66 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g), TFC (17.25 ± 0.31 mg CE/g), and TLC (9.57 ± 0.59%). In addition, Dee pla kung, a species of Phlogacanthus, exhibited significant antioxidant activity and was comparable to Fah talai jone (genus Andrographis) in terms of biomass yield and chemical properties. These findings lay the groundwork for creating future herbal remedies from local plants and their potential use in the medicinal industry

Banana Peel ( Musa ABB cv. Nam Wa Mali-Ong) as a Source of Value-Adding Components and the Functional Properties of Its Bioactive Ingredients

Banana peel (BP) is the primary by-product generated during banana processing which causes numerous environmental issues. This study examines the physical attributes, proximate analysis, glycoarray profiling, antioxidant abilities, and prebiotic activity of BP. The analysis demonstrated that carbohydrates constituted the primary components of BP and the glycoarray profiling indicated that BP contains multiple pectin and hemicellulose structures. BP also contained phenolic compounds, including (+)-catechin and gallic acid, flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activities. BP demonstrated prebiotic effects by promoting the proliferation of advantageous gut bacteria while inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. The prebiotic index scores demonstrated that BP exhibited a greater capacity to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in comparison to regular sugar. The study demonstrated the potential of the BP as a valuable source of dietary fibre, bioactive compounds, and prebiotics. These components have beneficial characteristics and can be utilised in the production of food, feed additives, and functional food

In silico examination of peptides containing selenium and ebselen Backbone To Assess Their Tumoricidal Potential

Introduction: Cancer has been one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality in the world for decades. Owing to improved therapeutics along with detection, breast cancer mortality has been slowly reducing. The incidence of breast cancer, on the other hand, has increased gradually. More than 100 types of cancer have been identified with a wide range of treatment protocols comprising of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, etc. In an attempt to curb the serious deleterious effects caused by the chemotherapeutic drugs, numerous peptide molecules are currently popular as alternatives to the standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Methods: In this study, we have carried out in silico investigations to ascertain the anti-proliferative potential of novel peptides based on selenium and ebselen, i.e. Eb-Trp-Asp, 13, Eb-Trp-Glu, 14, and Eb-Trp-Lys, 15. Analysis of protein-ligand interactions, resulting in protein-ligand complex formation, has been carried out using the AutoDockVina in PyRx aided molecular docking technique, which may be an essential indication of druggability of the test peptides. Results: The molecular docking results revealed that the screened ligands had extraordinarily strong binding interactions and affinity for the target. Conclusion: Findings suggested that novel peptide molecule Eb-Trp-Glu, 14 may be a potent anticancer agent

Wound healing effect of supercritical carbon dioxide Datura metel l. leaves extracts : an in vitro study of anti-inflammation, cell migration, MMP-2 inhibition, and the modulation of the sonic hedgehog pathway in human fibroblasts

Datura metel L. (thorn apple) has been used in Thai folk wisdom for wound care. In this study, we chose supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (scCO2) to develop crude extraction from the leaves of the thorn apple. The phytochemical profiles were observed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The biological activities of D. metel were performed through antioxidant assays, anti-inflammation based on the Griess reaction, the migration assay, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and regulatory genes in fibroblasts. Dm1 and Dm2 extracts were obtained from scCO2 procedures at different pressures of 300 and 500 bar, respectively. Bioactive compounds, including farnesyl acetone, schisanhenol B, and loliolide, were identified in both extracts. The antioxidant properties of both D. metel extracts were comparable to those of l-ascorbic acid in hydrogen peroxide-induced fibroblasts with no significant difference. Additionally, Dm1 and Dm2 significantly inhibited the nitrite production levels of 1.23 ± 0.19 and 1.52 ± 0.05 μM, respectively, against the lipopolysaccharide-treated group (3.82 ± 0.39 μM). Interestingly, Dm1 obviously demonstrated the percentage of wound closure with 58.46 ± 7.61 and 82.62 ± 6.66% after 36 and 48 h of treatment, which were comparable to the commercial deproteinized dialysate from the calf blood extract. Moreover, both extracts were comparable to l-ascorbic acid treatment in their ability to suppress the expression of MMP-2: an enzyme that breaks down collagen. The gene expressions of SHH, SMO, and GLI1 that control the sonic hedgehog pathway were also clearly upregulated by Dm1. Consequently, the scCO2 technique could be applied in D. metel extraction and contribute to potentially effective wound closure

Antioxidant activities of plant extracts and essential oil-cyclodextrin complexes and their effect on lipid accumulation in porcine adipocytes in vitro

Fat deposition is important for pig production because excessive fat decreases the economic value of meat production. Plant extracts have been used as feed additive in pig diets to improve oxidative stability of meat. However, only a few studies had investigated the effect of plant extracts on lipid accumulation of porcine adipocytes. Therefore, this study examined antioxidative potential of plant extracts and essential oil-cyclodextrin complexes and their effect on lipid accumulation in porcine adipocytes. Porcine preadipocytes were isolated from dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue of a 5-month-old female pig. Preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence of extracts, then lipid accumulation was determined using oil red O staining. Results showed that green tea and grape seed extracts had the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and also possessed the highest antioxidant activities. Among essential oil-cyclodextrin complexes, thyme oil had the highest antioxidant activities by all assays. With a regard to the lipid accumulation, all of plant extracts and essential oil-cyclodextrin complexes decreased lipid accumulation in adipocytes from 32.61 to 91.71% compared with the control. Green tea extract, thyme and galangal oil products decreased lipid accumulation about 60% lower than that of the control. In conclusion, green tea and grape seed extracts, and thyme oil powder illustrated high antioxidant potentials, while lipid accumulation in porcine adipocytes was greatly reduced by green tea extract, thyme and galangal oil products. The research finding is beneficial in the development of natural feed additives to improve oxidative stability and reduce excessive subcutaneous fat in pig production

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties and GC-MS Chemical Compositions of Makwaen Pepper (Zanthoxylum myriacanthum) Extracted Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

This research aimed to optimize pressure (10-20 MPa) and temperature (45-60 °C) conditions for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of Makwaen pepper (Zanthoxylum myriacanthum) extract (ME) in comparison to conventional hydro-distillation extraction. Various quality parameters, including yield, total phenolic compounds, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activities of the extracts, were assessed and optimized using a central composite design. The optimal SFE conditions were found to be 20 MPa at 60 °C, which resulted in the highest yield (19%) and a total phenolic compound content of 31.54 mg GAE/mL extract. IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assays were determined to be 26.06 and 19.90 μg/mL extract, respectively. Overall, the ME obtained through SFE exhibited significantly better physicochemical and antioxidant properties compared to ME obtained through hydro-distillation extraction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that beta-pinene was the major component in the ME obtained through SFE (23.10%), followed by d-limonene, alpha-pinene, and terpinen-4-ol at concentrations of 16.08, 7.47, and 6.34%, respectively. On the other hand, the hydro-distillation-extracted ME showed stronger antimicrobial properties than the SFE-extracted ME. These findings suggest that both SFE and hydro-distillation have the potential for extracting Makwaen pepper, depending on the intended purpose of use

Volatile organic compound emissions in free-range chicken production: Impacts on environment, welfare and sustainability

The increasing demand for free-range poultry products has led to a surge in their availability in the market, prompting a potential decline in premium prices associated with these products. This shift places considerable pressure on upstream costs in chicken production. A comprehensive under-standing of its impact on the environment is essential to ensure the success of commercial and industrial free-range chicken production. However, there exists a significant knowledge gap concerning the emission and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from organic-free range chicken, and their environmental implications have yet to be understood. We aim to address this critical knowledge gap by elucidating the role of VOC emissions in chicken production and assessing their impact on human and animal health, as well as environmental challenges. Understanding the implications of VOC emissions is essential for promoting sustainable and responsible free-range chicken farming practices. By identifying the sources of VOC emissions and their impacts, stakeholders can implement appropriate measures to optimize air quality and enhance the well-being of chickens and workers. Ultimately, this review highlights the role of VOCs in animal production, providing valuable insights for improving the efficiency, environmental sustainability and welfare aspects of free-range chicken farming

Natural ingredients and probiotics for lowering cholesterol and saturated fat in dairy products: an updated review

Dairy products play a crucial role in ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being of people. However, they normally contain high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol which are related to the risk of noncommunicable diseases and other health issues. Our review focuses on the effectiveness of added natural ingredients and probi-otics in dairy products for replacing or lowering cholesterol and saturated fat. This narrative review was concep-tualized to describe: (i) natural ingredients for cholesterol and saturated fat substitution, and (ii) probiotics for lowering both cholesterol and saturated fat. Promising techniques for cholesterol and saturated fat replacement by healthy plant oils, carbohydrate, and protein co-products and their effect on product qualities are discussed. In addition, various probiotics inoculated in dairy products exhibiting effect on saturated fat and cholesterol are also addressed