A Theoretical Analysis of Iwi Justice Panels. Where Does the Authority for These Panels Come from?

This paper addresses the new and innovative Iwi Justice Panels. They are an alternative to the court system based on a marae. They are a long awaited response to the Puao-te-ata-tu or the ‘Daybreak’ report in 1988 which outlined Maori offending. Over 50% of arrests and imprisonments are Maori and these rates have not changed since the report. Therefore, a new response was required and has been a success. However, the policy is not legislated and questions are asked as to whether it should be or not

Has the Evidence Act Been a Successful Codification? Is it a True Code?

This paper examines the Evidence Act 2006 to determine whether it has been a successful codification of the law of evidence in New Zealand. It firstly looks to define what the definition of a code is, and then what values and qualities are attached with it. The depth of the research conducted by the Law Commission is recognised to have been crucial in providing for such a comprehensive and coherent Act. The Law Commissions reference to other jurisdictions is evident in the final Act with inclusions such as a gap filling provision, which is implemented in the Canadian Evidence Act. The preliminary provisions of the Act, as well as s 202, are examined to discover whether they provide for the added values of a code. It is also important that the changes caused by codification are recognised. This is because the law was contradictive and incremental, and for the code to be true comprehensive coherent code, it must have adopted change. Lastly, this paper will conclude with the following heading; by and large has the Act and Codification been worthwhile

Men are from Mars, women are from Venus: Exploring gender differences in personality in the South African context

Orientation: Gender differences in personality have been explored in American and European contexts, but African and specifically South African research in the area is lacking. Research purpose: This study investigated whether there were gender differences in personality and what this might mean for a South African organisational context where personality assessments are frequently employed for decision-making. Motivation: Personality  tests  are  widely  used  in  many  fields,  including  the  industrial, organisational and research fields. Due to the impact that these tests have, it is essential that these tests are used in a fair and unbiased manner. Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional, non-experimental design was used. A questionnaire consisting of demographic information and the NEO-PI-R was administered to a non-probability, convenience sample of 425 South African university students. The data was examined using ANOVAs and ANCOVAs. Main findings: Significant gender differences were found on Neuroticism, Anxiety, Vulnerability, Depression, Self-consciousness, Extraversion, Warmth, Activity, Assertiveness, Positive emotions, Aesthetics, Feelings, Ideas, Agreeableness, Compliance, Tender-mindedness, Altruism, Modesty, Straightforwardness, Trust, Conscientiousness, Order, Achievement striving and Self-discipline. Practical/managerial implications: The findings indicate differences between men and women are systematic and largely innate and therefore need to be acknowledged when personality tests are used in decision-making. Personality tests also need to be employed constructively to further team-building and diversity. Contribution/value-add: This study adds to the body of research in South Africa on gender as well as on how the NEO personality scales manifest in different race groups

Recommendations for defining preventable HIV-related mortality for public health monitoring in the era of Getting to Zero: an expert consensus

Getting to Zero is a commonly cited strategic aim to reduce mortality due to both HIV and avoidable deaths among people with HIV. However, no clear definitions are attached to these aims with regard to what constitutes HIV-related or preventable mortality, and their ambition is limited. This Position Paper presents consensus recommendations to define preventable HIV-related mortality for a pragmatic approach to public health monitoring by use of national HIV surveillance data. These recommendations were informed by a comprehensive literature review and agreed by 42 international experts, including clinicians, public health professionals, researchers, commissioners, and community representatives. By applying the recommendations to 2019 national HIV surveillance data from the UK, we show that 30% of deaths among people with HIV were HIV-related or possibly HIV-related, and at least 63% of these deaths were preventable or potentially preventable. The application of these recommendations by health authorities will ensure consistent monitoring of HIV elimination targets and allow for the identification of inequalities and areas for intervention

Single-cell sequencing reveals clonal expansions of pro-inflammatory synovial CD8 T cells expressing tissue-homing receptors in psoriatic arthritis

Funder: Kennedy Trust studentshipFunder: Oxford-UCB Prize FellowshipFunder: National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre at Newcastle Hospitals Foundation Trust and Newcastle University and Versus Arthritis Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre; ref. 22072).Funder: NIHR Birmingham BRC at the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of BirminghamFunder: Wellcome Trust (Wellcome); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100004440Funder: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research CentreFunder: St Baldrick’s FoundationAbstract: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a debilitating immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis of unknown pathogenesis commonly affecting patients with skin psoriasis. Here we use complementary single-cell approaches to study leukocytes from PsA joints. Mass cytometry demonstrates a 3-fold expansion of memory CD8 T cells in the joints of PsA patients compared to peripheral blood. Meanwhile, droplet-based and plate-based single-cell RNA sequencing of paired T cell receptor alpha and beta chain sequences show pronounced CD8 T cell clonal expansions within the joints. Transcriptome analyses find these expanded synovial CD8 T cells to express cycling, activation, tissue-homing and tissue residency markers. T cell receptor sequence comparison between patients identifies clonal convergence. Finally, chemokine receptor CXCR3 is upregulated in the expanded synovial CD8 T cells, while two CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, are elevated in PsA synovial fluid. Our data thus provide a quantitative molecular insight into the cellular immune landscape of psoriatic arthritis

Jurors conducting their own research

This paper analysis the issue of jurors conducting their own research when directed not to. In particular it recommends legislating on this issue to provide clarity and certainty, as well as acting as a deterrent in preventing jurors from offending in the future

Meet the disaster: New Zealand's youth justice jurisdiction

This paper critically analyses the current youth justice system and whether the upper age of the system should extend to include 17 year-olds. This paper also analyses care and protection in New Zealand. This is because youth justice issues, and care and protection issues, tend to intertwine as a number of children and young people who are in care are also involved in the youth justice system. The Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1989 requires amendment to extend the upper age of youth justice, for reasons such as its failure to adequately provide for vulnerable children and young people in New Zealand, reduce offending and reoffending rates, and support Maori and Pacifica. More changes than one are required, but extending the jurisdiction to include 17 year olds will help to achieve issues such as: New Zealand’s international obligations regarding the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child, domestic legislative inconsistencies, brain science, community involvement, employment, prevention, high Maori offending rates, recidivism, public attitude, better public service targets, cost, volume in the system, and the perception of the youth justice system being soft on crime. Overall, increasing the upper age of youth justice in New Zealand will be a significant and sufficient long term investment

Gratitude and subjective well-being in a group of adolescents

M.A.Satisfactory psychosocial development during adolescence will equip individuals with intrapersonal and interpersonal resources to facilitate adaptive negotiations of the complex adult world. There has been increasing empirical interest in fostering optimal development in adolescents through enhancing positive attributes and aspects of mental health. Accordingly, researchers have begun investigating the benefits of frequent experiences of gratitude, and have found that gratitude is associated with subjective well-being (SWB) among adolescents. The relationship between gratitude and SWB may be particularly important for South African youth, whose development occurs within the context of socio-political difficulties associated with transformation in the post-apartheid era, which could have a negative impact on their SWB. However, there has been no research undertaken to investigate gratitude and SWB among South African adolescents. This study investigated the prevalence of gratitude, and the relationship between gratitude and SWB, among 812 adolescents in Gauteng. Specifically, the prevalence of state gratitude and trait gratitude were determined, and compared across female and male adolescents, and among participants from different population groups. Further, the relationship between state gratitude and SWB, and trait gratitude and SWB, was established and compared across gender and among individuals from various population groups. A quantitative non-experimental design was employed. Data was collected by self-report questionnaires assessing the prevalence of gratitude and SWB. The data was analysed by examining mean scores, conducting one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), as well as Pearson‟s product moment-correlation coefficients, and a multivariate analysis of variance and follow-up ANOVAs

Has the Evidence Act Been a Successful Codification? Is it a True Code?

This paper examines the Evidence Act 2006 to determine whether it has been a successful codification of the law of evidence in New Zealand. It firstly looks to define what the definition of a code is, and then what values and qualities are attached with it. The depth of the research conducted by the Law Commission is recognised to have been crucial in providing for such a comprehensive and coherent Act. The Law Commissions reference to other jurisdictions is evident in the final Act with inclusions such as a gap filling provision, which is implemented in the Canadian Evidence Act. The preliminary provisions of the Act, as well as s 202, are examined to discover whether they provide for the added values of a code. It is also important that the changes caused by codification are recognised. This is because the law was contradictive and incremental, and for the code to be true comprehensive coherent code, it must have adopted change. Lastly, this paper will conclude with the following heading; by and large has the Act and Codification been worthwhile