658 research outputs found

    The phase space analysis of modified gravity (MOG)

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    We investigate the cosmological consequences of a scalar-vector-tensor theory of gravity known as MOG. In MOG, in addition to metric tensor, there are two scalar fields G(x)G(x) and ÎŒ(x)\mu(x), and one vector field ϕα(x)\phi_{\alpha}(x). Using the phase space analysis, we explore the cosmological consequences of a model of MOG and find some new interesting features which are absent in Λ\LambdaCDM model. More specifically we study the possibility that if the extra fields of this theory behave like dark energy to explain the cosmic speedup. More interestingly, with or without cosmological constant, strongly phantom crossing happens. Also we find that this theory in its original form (Λ≠0\Lambda\neq 0), possesses a true sequence of cosmological epochs. Albeit we show that, surprisingly, there are two radiation dominated epochs f5f_5 and f6f_6, two matter dominated phases f3f_3 and f4f_4, and two late time accelerated eras f12f_{12} and f7f_{7}. Depending on the initial conditions the universe will realize only three of these six eras. However, the matter dominated phases are dramatically different from the standard matter dominated epoch. In these phases the cosmic scale factor grows as a(t)∌t0.46a(t)\sim t^{0.46} and t0.52t^{0.52}, respectively, which are slower than the standard case, i.e. a(t)∌t2/3a(t)\sim t^{2/3}. Considering these results we discuss the cosmological viability of MOG.Comment: To appear in EPJ

    Unmet Labour Demand in Europe - Chances for Immigrants?

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    This paper examines the chances for immigrants on the European job market. The data represents a one percent sample of the German population of the Micro census for the years 1998, 2000 and 2003 and Eurostat Labour Force Survey data. The issue addressed is how the academic and occupational level of education (participation in education), labour participation, professional status, unemployment rate, income, female labour participation and atypical occupation (structure of employment) of the foreigners differ from the native population. We find that foreigners in EU countries are more likely to be unemployed and are often in lower segments of the labour market. European comparisons of the labour market situation shows that the acknowledgment of foreign degrees, discrimination, supporting measures and the labour market policy have to be taken into account, as well as the (country-specific) human capital, language skills and the immigrants’ participation in education. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - (Arbeitsplatzangebot in Europa - Chancen fĂŒr Immigranten?) Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten fĂŒr Immigranten auf dem europĂ€ischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische BeschĂ€ftigung (BeschĂ€ftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU AuslĂ€nder eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europĂ€ische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten fĂŒr Immigranten auf dem europĂ€ischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische BeschĂ€ftigung (BeschĂ€ftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU AuslĂ€nder eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europĂ€ische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung auslĂ€ndischer Bildungsabschlusse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmanahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berĂŒcksichtigen sind, zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung auslĂ€ndischer BildungsabschlĂŒsse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmanahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berĂŒcksichtigen sind.International migration, European job market, Immigrants

    Role of Religio-Political Activism of TLP in Shaping Security Challenges for Pakistan

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    ABSTRACT The substantial increase in support for conservative and far-right parties is a growing trend in South Asian politics. It is a part of emergent global tendencies of political polarization and the resultant rise of anti-democratic political forces around the world caused by diverse and unlike reasons. The subsequent outcomes of polarization propensities are steady societal discord and democratic erosion in both the global north and south countries. However, the adverse consequences of the rise of radical and far-right forces are comparatively more apparent in some of the South Asian states due to existing authoritarian traits in respective political systems and frequent political instrumentalization of religion into politics for the legitimacy of governments and regimes. In Pakistan, far-right parties remained less successful in electoral politics which led them to emphasize more on their ability to mobilize people in the name of religion in the form of agitation, protest, and violent demonstrations against the government. The display of radicalized discourses through street power often challenged the writ of the state and from time to time, these far-right groups like Tehreek-e-Labbaik (TLP) secured their bargaining position to pressure the government in Pakistan to overlook their violations of law and crimes to disturb law and order situation. The religio-political activism of far-right parties in Pakistan is deeply grounded in their discernment of an Islamic state which led them to see religion as an absolute authority over government and society while justifying their political power claims. The underlying study through the case study of TLP, tends to understand that how these religious political parties view the state and society in Pakistan. The emergence of TLP, its radical discourses, and the rise of gradual support to this religious party reflected the growing trend of polarization, anti-democratic trends, and its far-reaching consequences on national integration and most importantly in the larger context of the security of Pakistan

    Unmet labour demand in Europe - chances for immigrants?

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    "This paper examines the chances for immigrants on the European job market. The data represents a one percent sample of the German population of the Micro census for the years 1998, 2000 and 2003 and Eurostat Labour Force Survey data. The issue addressed is how the academic and occupational level of education (participation in education), labour participation, professional status, unemployment rate, income, female labour participation and atypical occupation (structure of employment) of the foreigners differ from the native population. We find that foreigners in EU countries are more likely to be unemployed and are often in lower segments of the labour market. European comparisons of the labour market situation shows that the acknowledgment of foreign degrees, discrimination, supporting measures and the labour market policy have to be taken into account, as well as the (country-specific) human capital, language skills and the immigrants' participation in education." (author's abstract)"Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten fĂŒr Immigranten auf dem europĂ€ischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische BeschĂ€ftigung (BeschĂ€ftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU AuslĂ€nder eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europĂ€ische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung auslĂ€ndischer Bildungsabschlusse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmaßnahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berĂŒcksichtigen sind, zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung auslĂ€ndischer BildungsabschlĂŒsse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmaßnahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berĂŒcksichtigen sind." (Autorenreferat

    Unmet labour demand in Europe: chances for immigrants?

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    This paper examines the chances for immigrants on the European job market. The data represents a one percent sample of the German population of the Micro census for the years 1998, 2000 and 2003 and Eurostat Labour Force Survey data. The issue addressed is how the academic and occupational level of education (participation in education), labour participation, professional status, unemployment rate, income, female labour participation and atypical occupation (structure of employment) of the foreigners differ from the native population. We find that foreigners in EU countries are more likely to be unemployed and are often in lower segments of the labour market. European comparisons of the labour market situation shows that the acknowledgment of foreign degrees, discrimination, supporting measures and the labour market policy have to be taken into account, as well as the (country-specific) human capital, language skills and the immigrants’ participation in education.Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten fĂŒr Immigranten auf dem europĂ€ischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische BeschĂ€ftigung (BeschĂ€ftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU AuslĂ€nder eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europĂ€ische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten fĂŒr Immigranten auf dem europĂ€ischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische BeschĂ€ftigung (BeschĂ€ftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU AuslĂ€nder eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europĂ€ische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung auslĂ€ndischer Bildungsabschlusse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmanahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berĂŒcksichtigen sind, zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung auslĂ€ndischer BildungsabschlĂŒsse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmanahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berĂŒcksichtigen sind

    The Impact of Teaching Lexical Bundles on Improving Iranian EFL Students’ Writing Skill

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    AbstractThe present study aims to examine how significant the use of lexical bundles prevalent in the field of applied linguistics can be in students’ writing materials. Forty lexical bundles which were judged to be the most frequent, most relevant and functionally important to the discipline of applied linguistics were chosen and taught to twenty MA students of TEFL. They were asked to write a piece of writing on a given topic prior to and after the instruction. The bundles were intended to help them develop their ideas into organized paragraphs. The data included students’ writings, as well as their elicited views, collected through a questionnaire, regarding the helpfulness of the bundles in writing skill. The findings indicated that the bundles were of significant help to the students’ writing ability and that students attribute great importance to lexical bundles. The findings indicate that every course in writing should give significance to the teaching of lexical bundles

    Comparative Study of Q-Learning and NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies for Self Driving Agents

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    Autonomous driving vehicles have been of keen interest ever since automation of various tasks started. Humans are prone to exhaustion and have a slow response time on the road, and on top of that driving is already quite a dangerous task with around 1.35 million road traffic incident deaths each year. It is expected that autonomous driving can reduce the number of driving accidents around the world which is why this problem has been of keen interest for researchers. Currently, self-driving vehicles use different algorithms for various sub-problems in making the vehicle autonomous. We will focus reinforcement learning algorithms, more specifically Q-learning algorithms and NeuroEvolution of Augment Topologies (NEAT), a combination of evolutionary algorithms and artificial neural networks, to train a model agent to learn how to drive on a given path. This paper will focus on drawing a comparison between the two aforementioned algorithms
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