La fijación de los límites de la comunidad de villa y tierra de Portillo en 1258. La reorganización de un territorio por el poder regio a través de los documentos y la arqueología

Producción CientíficaSe conservan del año 1258 una serie de documentos que testimonian la acción de gobierno del rey Alfonso X para reorganizar los límites y amojonamientos de una comarca concreta de su reino: la Tierra de Pinares, en la Extremadura castellana. Esta reordenación del espacio afectó a varias comunidades de villa y tierra, pero probablemente la intervención más significativa tuvo lugar en Portillo, pues la fijación de los límites territoriales con los lugares de Tudela, Cuéllar y Mojados cubría todo el sector oriental y sureño de su tierra. Este artículo pretende dar cuenta de un proceso que resulta de sumo interés de cara a analizar la plasmación del poder regio sobre el espacio físico, y cómo quedó fijado en los lugares en que se intervino a través de medios tan distintos como la escritura o la tradición oral. Para ello, se pretenden conjugar tanto las fuentes documentales, como los trabajos de prospección y excavación arqueológica realizados en la zona, que permitan comparar los límites municipales actuales con los de hace casi ocho siglos.El presente trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación “Poderes, espacios y escrituras en los reinos occidentales hispánicos (siglos XI-XIV)” (Ref. HAR2013-42925-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

Del consenso al conflicto. Los concejos y la sucesión al trono en el reinado de Alfonso X (1252-1284)

Producción CientíficaEl análisis del papel de los concejos en el ámbito propuesto es importante para valorar la acción política de Alfonso X, campo en el que se ha trabajado en los últimos treinta años. En concreto, se pueden identificar tres grandes ejes de relaciones entre monarca y concejos: la convocatoria periódica de Cortes; la reorganización de los espacios del reino mediante la concesión de fueros; y el fortalecimiento de las élites urbanas. En este contexto, destaca que los tres momentos críticos de sucesión al trono durante el reinado de Alfonso X se vieron refrendados en reuniones de Cortes, aunque cada uno de ellos tuvo características muy distintas. Las relaciones entre la monarquía y los concejos fueron uno de los principales vectores que articularon el gobierno del reino, y su apoyo –o la pérdida de él– resultó un factor decisivo en los momentos de sucesión al trono, como se pretende mostrar en este trabajo

Poder político, espacios sociales y cultura escrita. Reflexiones a partir de la historiografía sobre el reinado de Alfonso X en el siglo XXI

Producción CientíficaLa finalidad de este trabajo es el estudio de la evolución de la historiografía medieval en los últimos años a partir del análisis de un tiempo y espacio concretos – la Corona de Castilla durante el reinado de Alfonso X. Y cómo, a partir de una rica herencia previa, que podemos individualizar en los trabajos de autores como González Jiménez, García de Cortázar y Diego Catalán para cada uno de los aspectos tratados, se ha producido una renovación tanto de los enfoques como de las temáticas; así como de los métodos y técnicas de uso corriente en el trabajo de los historiadores y otros profesionales de las Humanidades.MINECO HAR2013-42925-P “Poderes, espacios y escrituras en los reinos occidentales hispánicos (siglos XI-XIV)

Alfonso X y los concejos de Castilla y León: articulación y conflicto del poder real y los poderes locales

En el reinado de Alfonso X se inicia y extiende un proceso de reforzamiento del realengo que favorecerá la ordenación del territorio y la jerarquización de las aglomeraciones, potenciando a algunas de ellas a coste de otras y convirtiéndolas en auténticos señoríos jurisdiccionales. El vector de este proceso será la extensión de las tradiciones forales, especialmente el Fuero Real, dándose una emanación de legislación real destinada a uniformizar el conjunto de los reinos del Rey Sabio. El estudio de los concejos de Castilla y León se convierte en primordial para poder entender las dinámicas en las que la sociedad castellano-leonesa de la segunda mitad del siglo XIII se encontraba inmersa. El proyecto político alfonsí fue una planificación coherente desde prismas económicos, sociales y culturales, visible a través del estudio detallado de la documentación diplomática conservada en la cancillería real y en los propios concejos.Departamento de Historia Antigua y MedievalMáster en Europa y el Mundo Atlántico. Poder, Cultura y Sociedad2019-07-282019-07-2

Discovery of the elusive carbonic acid (HOCOOH) in space

After a quarter century since the detection of the last interstellar carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH$_3$COOH), we report the discovery of a new one, the cis-trans form of carbonic acid (HOCOOH), toward the Galactic Center molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. HOCOOH stands as the first interstellar molecule containing three oxygen atoms and also the third carboxylic acid detected so far in the interstellar medium. Albeit the limited available laboratory measurements (up to 65 GHz), we have also identified several pairs of unblended lines directly in the astronomical data (between 75-120 GHz), which allowed us to slightly improve the set of spectroscopic constants. We derive a column density for cis-trans HOCOOH of $N$ = (6.4 $\pm$ 0.4) $\times$ 10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which yields an abundance with respect to molecular H$_2$ of 4.7 $\times$ 10$^{-11}$. Meanwhile, the extremely low dipole moment (about fifteen times lower) of the lower-energy conformer, cis-cis HOCOOH, precludes its detection. We obtain an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H$_2$ of $\leq$ 1.2 $\times$10$^{-9}$, which suggests that cis-cis HOCOOH might be fairly abundant in interstellar space, although it is nearly undetectable by radio astronomical observations. We derive a cis-cis/cis-trans ratio $\leq$ 25, consistent with the smaller energy difference between both conformers compared with the relative stability of trans- and cis-formic acid (HCOOH). Finally, we compare the abundance of these acids in different astronomical environments, further suggesting a relationship between the chemical content found in the interstellar medium and the chemical composition of the minor bodies of the Solar System, which could be inherited during the star formation process.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Interstellar detection of O-protonated carbonyl sulfide, HOCS+

We present the first detection in space of O-protonated carbonyl sulfide (\ch{HOCS+}), in the midst of an ultradeep molecular line survey toward the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud. From the observation of all $K$$_a$ = 0 transitions ranging from $J$$_{lo}$ = 2 to $J$$_{lo}$ = 13 of \ch{HOCS+} covered by our survey, we derive a column density of $N$ = (9 $\pm$ 2)$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, translating into a fractional abundance relative to H$_2$ of $\sim$7$\times$10$^{-11}$. Conversely, the S-protonated \ch{HSCO+} isomer remains undetected, and we derive an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H$_2$ of $\leq$3$\times$10$^{-11}$, a factor of $\geq$2.3 less abundant than \ch{HOCS+}. We obtain a \ch{HOCS+}/OCS ratio of $\sim$2.5$\times$10$^{-3}$, in good agreement with the prediction of astrochemical models. These models show that one of the main chemical routes to the interstellar formation of \ch{HOCS+} is likely the protonation of OCS, which appears to be more efficient at the oxygen end. Also, we find that high values of cosmic-ray ionisation rates (10$^{-15}$-10$^{-14}$ s$^{-1}$) are needed to reproduce the observed abundance of \ch{HOCS+}. In addition, we compare the O/S ratio across different interstellar environments. G+0.693-0.027 appears as the source with the lowest O/S ratio. We find a \ch{HOCO+}/\ch{HOCS+} ratio of $\sim$31, in accordance with other O/S molecular pairs detected toward this region and also close to the O/S solar value ($\sim$37). This fact indicates that S is not significantly depleted within this cloud due to the action of large-scale shocks, unlike in other sources where S-bearing species remain trapped on icy dust grains.Comment: Forthcoming paper in The Astrophysical Journal (in press

First glycine isomer detected in the interstellar medium: glycolamide (NH2_2C(O)CH2_2OH)

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium of a C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomer: $syn$-glycolamide (NH$_2$C(O)CH$_2$OH). The exquisite sensitivity at sub-mK levels of an ultra-deep spectral survey carried out with the Yebes 40m and IRAM 30m telescopes towards the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud have allowed us to unambiguously identify multiple transitions of this species. We derived a column density of (7.4 $\pm$ 0.7)$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which implies a molecular abundance with respect to H$_2$ of 5.5$\times$10$^{-11}$. The other C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomers, including the higher-energy $anti$ conformer of glycolamide, and two conformers of glycine, were not detected. The upper limit derived for the abundance of glycine indicates that this amino acid is surely less abundant than its isomer glycolamide in the ISM. The abundances of the C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomers cannot be explained in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium, and thus chemical kinetics need to be invoked. While the low abundance of glycine might not be surprising, based on the relative low abundances of acids in the ISM compared to other compounds (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes or amines), several chemical pathways can favour the formation of its isomer glycolamide. It can be formed through radical-radical reactions on the surface of dust grains. The abundances of these radicals can be significantly boosted in an environment affected by a strong ultraviolet field induced by cosmic rays, such as that expected in G+0.693-0.027. Therefore, as shown by several recent molecular detections towards this molecular cloud, it stands out as the best target to discover new species with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen with increasing chemical complexity.Comment: Accepted in The Astrophysical Journal Letter

The Raman laser spectrometer ExoMars simulator (RLS Sim): A heavy‐duty Raman tool for ground testing on ExoMars

Producción CientíficaThe Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) instrument onboard the Rosalind Franklin rover of the ExoMars 2022 mission will analyze powdered samples on Mars to search for traces of life. To prepare for the mission, the RLS scientific team has developed the RLS ExoMars Simulator (RLS Sim), a flexible model of RLS that operates similarly to the actual instrument, both in laboratory and field conditions, while also emulating the rover operational constraints in terms of sample distribution that are relevant to the Raman analysis. This system can operate autonomously to perform RLS-representative analysis in one or several samples, making it very useful to perform heavy experimental tasks that would otherwise be impossible using a flight-representative model of the instrument. In this work, we introduce the current configuration of the RLS Sim that has incorporated new hardware elements such as the RAman Demonstrator 1 (RAD1) spectrometer with the objective of approaching its performance to that of the actual RLS instrument. To evaluate the scientific capability of the RLS Sim, we have compared it with a replica model of RLS, the RLS Flight Spare (FS). Several acquisition aspects have been evaluated based on the analysis of select samples, assessing the performance in terms of spectral range and resolution and also studying several issues related to the evolution of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with different acquisition parameters, especially the number of accumulations. This performance analysis has shown that the RLS Sim in its updated configuration will be a key model to perform support science for the ExoMars mission and the RLS instrument on the Rosalind Franklin rover. Designed to work intensively, the use of the RLS Sim in combination with the RLS FS will facilitate maximizing the scientific return of the RLS spectrometer during Martian operations.Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (grant PID2019-107442RBC31)European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant 687302

Plan de contingencia para los servicios de medicina intensiva frente a la pandemia COVID-19

In January 2020, the Chinese authorities identified a new virus of the Coronaviridae family as the cause of several cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology. The outbreak was initially confined to Wuhan City, but then spread outside Chinese borders. On 31 January 2020, the first case was declared in Spain. On 11 March 2020, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. On 16 March 2020, there were 139 countries affected. In this situation, the Scientific Societies SEMICYUC and SEEIUC, have decided to draw up this Contingency Plan to guide the response of the Intensive Care Services. The objectives of this plan are to estimate the magnitude of the problem and identify the necessary human and material resources. This is to provide the Spanish Intensive Medicine Services with a tool to programme optimal response strategies

Riesgo quirúrgico tras resección pulmonar anatómica en cirugía torácica. Modelo predictivo a partir de una base de datos nacional multicéntrica

Introduction: the aim of this study was to develop a surgical risk prediction model in patients undergoing anatomic lung resections from the registry of the Spanish Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Group (GEVATS). Methods: data were collected from 3,533 patients undergoing anatomic lung resection for any diagnosis between December 20, 2016 and March 20, 2018. We defined a combined outcome variable: death or Clavien Dindo grade IV complication at 90 days after surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regression. Internal validation of the model was performed using resampling techniques. Results: the incidence of the outcome variable was 4.29% (95% CI 3.6-4.9). The variables remaining in the final logistic model were: age, sex, previous lung cancer resection, dyspnea (mMRC), right pneumonectomy, and ppo DLCO. The performance parameters of the model adjusted by resampling were: C-statistic 0.712 (95% CI 0.648-0.750), Brier score 0.042 and bootstrap shrinkage 0.854. Conclusions: the risk prediction model obtained from the GEVATS database is a simple, valid, and reliable model that is a useful tool for establishing the risk of a patient undergoing anatomic lung resection