27 research outputs found
Optical nonlinearities in non-peripherally substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines: a combined effect of symmetry, ring-strain and demetallation
The optical nonlinearities of six non-peripherally-substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines have been studied at 532 nm using a nanosecond Z-scan technique in a dimethyl sulphoxide solution. Ring-strain effects and the absence of a metal center were found to greatly reduce the inherent high nonlinearities expected of some of these phthalocyanine complexes. Of the six molecules investigated, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 3, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 5, and 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 6 were found to exhibit negligible nonlinear optical behavior, due to either the absence of asymmetry or central metal and/or the presence of a ring-strain effect. A two-photon absorption process was found to be the major contributor to the observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 4, 1(4)-mono-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 7, and 1(4)-mono-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 8, with large two-photon absorption cross-section, high hyperpolarizability and high third-order susceptibility values in the range of 4.53 Ă 10â43â5.33 Ă 10â42 cm4 s per photon, 1.61 Ă 10â28â1.89 Ă 10â27 esu and 9.73 Ă 10â12â7.05 Ă 10â11 esu respectively.Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52462KArbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W UnicodeAcrobat Distiller 10.0.0 (Windows); modified using iTextďż˝ 5.3.3 ďż˝2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (AGPL-version
Enhanced optical limiting behaviour of indium phthalocyanine derivatives when in solution or embedded in poly (acrylic acid) or poly (methyl methacrylate) polymers
The optical limiting performance of indium phthalocyanine-based polymer thin-films with large nonlinear absorption coefficients (βeff) and low limiting threshold intensity (Ilim) are described. The absorption cross-sections and the population dynamics of the excited states are also reported. The excited state absorption cross-sections (Ďexc) are shown to depend on the transition moment between the T1 and T2 states. βeff values have been shown to be related to the population density of the molecules in the T1 state. The improved optical limiting performance recorded for the investigated phthalocyanine complexes in the presence of polymer matrices has been attributed to the aggregation effects of the complexes in the polymer thin-films. The optical properties of the indium phthalocyanine moieties were found to possess robust sensitivity to a change of the polymer materials
Indium phthalocyanineâCdSe/ZnS quantum dots nanocomposites showing size dependent and near ideal optical limiting behaviour
Indium phthalocyanineâCdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) nanocomposites (InPcâCdSe/ZnS) of three sizes (5.57, 8.12 and 8.75 nm) were synthesized according to known procedures. The particle size of the CdSe/ZnS QDs alone are 3.95, 6.02, and 6.66 nm, and are denoted as QD1, QD2 and QD3 respectively. The nonlinear absorption (NLA) properties of the nanoconjugates (InPcâCdSe/ZnS) were investigated with nanosecond laser radiation at 532 nm wavelength. Enhanced NLA properties compared to the InPc alone were observed in the conjugates. The NLA was found to increase with the size of the CdSe/ZnS particles attached to the phthalocyanine. The observed increase was due to the availability of more free-carrier ions in the larger QDs, thus giving rise to the enhanced free-carrier absorption. The measured free-carrier absorption cross-sections (ĎFCA) are 1.10, 1.65 and 1.95 (Ă10â19 cm2) for InPc-QD1, InPc-QD2 and InPc-QD3 respectively. The nanoconjugates (InPcâCdSe/ZnS) showed a much lower threshold for optical limiting together with a much lower transmission at high fluences, than the previously reported nanocomposite limiters
Audience Perception of Foreign Music within Indigenous Radio Programmes among Listeners in Lagos, Nigeria
Music is the life blood of every radio station. Ordinarily, the listeners should be the focus of every radio programme and their perception should influence radio station programming. However, the continuous use of foreign music in indigenous programming points to a contrary indication. This situation is today a source of concern to culture activists and debates among academics. This study therefore examined how audience perceive the use of foreign music within local radio programmes. To do this, the study adopted the quantitative research method with survey design. A sample of 200 respondents was taken from Lagos metropolis and a specially designed questionnaire was administered on 20 radio presenters purposively selected. Specifically, the study attempted to answer four research questions and the findings revealed that many radio listeners prefer local music, and viewed the act of playing foreign music as unpatriotic and a way of killing local culture. The paper concludes that a continuous airplay of foreign music within local programmes will debase indigenous culture and existence of a nation. Keywords: foreign music, perception, cultural imperialism, Indigenous programme
Optical nonlinearities in non-peripherally substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines
The optical nonlinearities of six non-peripherally-substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines have been studied at 532 nm using a nanosecond Z-scan technique in a dimethyl sulphoxide solution. Ring-strain effects and the absence of a metal center were found to greatly reduce the inherent high nonlinearities expected of some of these phthalocyanine complexes. Of the six molecules investigated, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 3, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 5, and 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 6 were found to exhibit negligible nonlinear optical behavior, due to either the absence of asymmetry or central metal and/or the presence of a ring-strain effect. A two-photon absorption process was found to be the major contributor to the observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 4, 1(4)-mono-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 7, and 1(4)-mono-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 8, with large two-photon absorption cross-section, high hyperpolarizability and high third-order susceptibility values in the range of 4.53 Ă 10â43â5.33 Ă 10â42 cm4 s per photon, 1.61 Ă 10â28â1.89 Ă 10â27 esu and 9.73 Ă 10â12â7.05 Ă 10â11 esu respectively
Enhanced optical limiting performance in phthalocyanine-quantum dot nanocomposites by free-carrier absorption mechanism
Enhanced nonlinear optical properties (in dimethyl sulphoxide) is observed for 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis-(4-aminophenoxy)phthalocyaninato indium(III) chloride (InPc) when covalently linked to CdSe/ZnS or CdSe quantum dots (QDs). The experimental nonlinear optical parameters were obtained from Z-Scan measurements. Contributions from two-photon absorption (2PA) due to the InPc, and free-carrier absorption (FCA) by QDS have been identified as the main factors responsible for the enhanced optical limiting. The effective nonlinear absorption coefficient for InPc-CdSe/ZnS was found to be 700.0 cm/GW. The FCA cross-sections for InPc-CdSe/ZnS and InPc-CdSe composites were found to be 1.52 Ă 10â19 and 6.00 Ă 10â20 cm2 respectively. A much lower limiting threshold of 92 mJ cmâ2 was observed for InPc-CdSe/ZnS nanocomposite, hence, making it suitable for use as optical limiting material. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on similar phthalocyanine-quantum dots system was modeled in order to explain the enhancement in the observed nonlinear optical properties of the Pc in the presence of the QDs. The experimentally determined nonlinear optical properties are well within the range of the DFT calculated properties
Enhanced Optical Limiting Behavior of an Indium PhthalocyanineâSingle-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite
The nonlinear optical behavior of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis-(4-aminophenoxy) phthalocyaninato indium (III) chloride (2) and its carbon nanotube composite in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions is described. The nonlinear third-order susceptibility and second-order hyperpolarizability values are also reported. A large nonlinear absorption that increased on covalent linking with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was observed for the compound in DMSO. The nanosecond nonlinear absorption and the optical limiting behavior of this complex are shown to be dominated by a strong excited state absorption from a two-photon pumped state. The optical limiter using the new nanocomposite material (SWCNT-2) in the appropriate solvent showed a much lower threshold for optical limiting together with a much lower transmission at high fluences than previously reported nanocomposite limiters. The optical properties of the phthalocyanine and its conjugate were found to show high sensitivity toward the change of solvent matrix
Inventing a New Africa through Discovery and Innovations in Computational Material Science
Researchers are increasingly relying on computational technologies to help in simulation of properties of new
materials and some areas in materials science has enjoyed some level of success which ranges from composites,
to polymer science and to advanced ceramics. This review paper discuss certain developments in the area of
computational Materials and how Africa can leverage on this technology to develop their emerging Industries,
while dwelling more on application of computational material science in energy sector, since energy has been
most pressing challenges in Africa which could be addressed by advanced materials. Also, we summarize part of
our research work on galvanic corrosion of mild steel bolt in a magnesium alloy (AZ91D) plate simulation using
comsol Multiphysics and 2k factorial experiments on factors that influence the recovery of gold during the upgrade
of Ilesha-Itagunmodi, Nigeria gold ore through Froth flotation using Anova software. Attempt have been made to
identify existing computational method, challenges of computational materials science deployment in Africa, and
how material development can be accelerated through the power of computational material science. With this work,
we were able to establish that the strength of computational materials science is in making a connection between the
experiment and theories of complex phenomena
Response surface methodology assessment of osmotic pre-drying and convective dehydration processes on the anti-oxidant property of Hausa variety of tomato
This study was conducted to determine the effect of osmotic pre-drying treatment on the vitamin C content of Hausa variety of tomato. The tomatoes used were sliced to a uniform diameter of 10 mm, deseeded and then osmotically pre-treated with sugar and honey solution at different osmotic concentrations (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 °Bx), osmotic time (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min) and osmotic temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 °C). Experimental design was done using the Central Composite Design (CCD) methodology of Design Expert software version 6.0.6. Drying of the samples was done at 65 °C in a cabinet dryer operating mainly on convectional heat transfer. Drying process was completed and terminated when the samples reached their equilibrium moisture content between 3-5% after total drying time of 10 hours. The data obtained were analysed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis at pâ¤0.05 significance level. The developed model was significant and has goodness of fit with an R2 value of 71.29% and lack of fit test was insignificant at p⤠0.05. Optimized process conditions for producing the best quality of tomato product with vitamin C content of 22 mg/100 g were 35.43 °Bx osmotic concentration, 11.10 min osmotic time and 23.86 °C osmotic temperature having a desirability function of 1. These conditions were considered to be advantageous as they were more economical, time and energy saving
Inventing a New Africa through Discovery and Innovations in Computational Material Science
Researchers are increasingly relying on computational technologies to help in simulation of properties of new
materials and some areas in materials science has enjoyed some level of success which ranges from composites,
to polymer science and to advanced ceramics. This review paper discuss certain developments in the area of
computational Materials and how Africa can leverage on this technology to develop their emerging Industries,
while dwelling more on application of computational material science in energy sector, since energy has been
most pressing challenges in Africa which could be addressed by advanced materials. Also, we summarize part of
our research work on galvanic corrosion of mild steel bolt in a magnesium alloy (AZ91D) plate simulation using
comsol Multiphysics and 2k factorial experiments on factors that influence the recovery of gold during the upgrade
of Ilesha-Itagunmodi, Nigeria gold ore through Froth flotation using Anova software. Attempt have been made to
identify existing computational method, challenges of computational materials science deployment in Africa, and
how material development can be accelerated through the power of computational material science. With this work,
we were able to establish that the strength of computational materials science is in making a connection between the
experiment and theories of complex phenomena