Oxidation of Alcohol Component of Microemulsion by Lipophylic Cr(VI)

The oxidation kinetics of butanol present in the microemulsion by CTADC (cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate) is studied using UV-Vis spectroscopic technique. The phase behaviour of mixture containg Surfactant(TX100)/ co-surfactant (butanol)/ oil (chloroform) and water in presence and absence of CTADC have been studied by visual titration method. The reaction is 1st order with respect to the oxidant CTADC. With increase in surfactant concentration and acid concentration rate of the reaction increases. With increase in n-Butanol concentration rate increases up to 15x10-2M and the order with respect to butanol is found to be 1. After 15x10-2M concentration of n-butanol rate decreases due to structural change in which the reactants CTADC, butanol and acetic acid are partitioned in to different domain of microemulsions

Development of a Tool for Slicing of Object-Oriented Program

Program slicing has many applications in a software development environment such as debugging, testing, anomaly detection, program understanding and many more. The concept being introduced by Weiser and it was started with static slicing calculation. Talking about static slicing, it is a subset of statements of a program which directly or indirectly affect the values of the variables computed providing a slicing criterion. Dynamic slicing is the counterpart of the static slicing i.e finding the statements which are really affected by giving the particular input value of the variable. Object-Oriented Program(OOP) has been the most widely used software development technique. OOP is still popular among many companies for their product development.There are some drawbacks of the OOP implementation. One of them is cross-cutting concerns. Aspect-Oriented Program provides separation of cross-cutting concerns from the core modules by introducing a new unit of modularization, called Aspect. In this project, we have developed a Tool which creates System dependence Graph(SDG) which is the intermediate representation of an OOP and AOP , then takes that SDG as input to compute the slicing of that program with respect to slicing criterion

COLONIZATION AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE DYNAMICS OF PATIENTS AT INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)-OUR EXPERIENCE

introduction: Multidrug resistant strains are developed day by day due to empirical therapy in intensive care unit (ICU). Both gram positive and gram negative strains are found in ICU are drug resistant bacteria. In this study, the prevalence of drug resistance bacteria in ICU were determined.Materials and Methods: The clinical samples; ascitic fluid, blood, central line tip, ET aspiration  pleural fluid, pus from liver abscess, sputum, tracheal aspiration, urine and wound swabs were collected from ICU patients and cultured in specific medium. Subsequently antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated bacteria were carried out with disc diffusion methods.Results: A total number of 794 clinical samples were cultured in specific medium and it revealed 191 of single colonies, 145 were double colonies and 87 were 3 or multy-colonies. A total of 963 bacteria were isolated among them 180 were gram positive bacteria, BYC were 135 and rest were gram negative bacteria. There was no significantly difference in growth of microorganisms with respect to clinical samples as t test revealed P= 0.87. Among the gram negative bacteria; Klebsiela pneumonia were predominant and Proteous mirabilis was lowest. Tigecycline and colistin were most effective antibiotics agonist all bacteria. Conclusions: Urine samples of the patient's revealed higher number of organisms where as pus from liver abscess found only one number of growths. The antibiotic stewardship programs must lead to significant decrease in all antibiotic used in the ICU setting. However, this result may be required further work to determine the fruitful necessary for success.Key words: Antibiotics, Intensive Care Unit, Bacterial infections, Drug resistance

BELL'S PALSY AMONG INFANTS - OUR EXPERIENCES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF EASTERN INDIA

Objectiv:The most common etiology of unilateral facial palsy is Bell's palsy, also called as idiopathic facial palsy. Bell's palsy in infant is rare and an uncommon clinical entity and often taken as pediatric emergency by parents. Paralysis of facial nerve has a tremendous impact on patient as well as parents particularly when a pediatric patient is affected.  It is regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion.  Bell's palsy in infants is rare than adults and diagnosis is made on the basis of exclusion.Aim and Objectives:Clinical diagnosis and management of Bell's palsy among infants from a tertiary care hospital of eastern India.Material and Methods:In this prospective study, we have documented detail clinical manifestation and management of infants of Bell's palsy from the pediatric age group. When an infant presents with facial nerve paralysis, a full clinical history and detailed examination were recommended for accurate diagnosis.  Simultaneously, the parents were reassured and the prognosis was explained to the parents.  Oral steroids along with physiotherapy were started in the outdoor basis.Results:We diagnosed six infants of Bell's palsy in age group of 5 months to 12 months. Among them 4 females and rest 3 were male. These Infants showed improvement with complete recovery in 83% cases within 3 weeks whereas partial recovery was seen in rest.Conclusion:In this study, we find out that, oral steroids along with physiotherapy and eye care are effective for Bell's palsy in infants.Keywords:Bell's palsy, infant, facial nerve, oral steroid

Hoarseness of voice in the pediatric age group: Our experiences at an Indian teaching hospital

Background: Hoarseness of the voice or dysphonia is a commonly encountered vocal symptom among children. The etiological profiles of dysphonia among children are variable, and laryngoscopic examination is required for identification of the lesions. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the etiology, clinical presentations, and diagnosis of the hoarseness of voice among children. Materials and Methods: The children aged from 3 to 16 years presenting with dysphonia/hoarseness, were included in this study from October 2015 to September 2018. All the 132 children presented with hoarseness of voice were subjected to video laryngoscopy for voice assessment. Results: The majority of this study was male children (59.09%). Vocal fold nodules (36.36%) were the major cause for dysphonia. Other attributing causes include vocal fold polyp, vocal fold cyst, laryngopharyngeal reflux, hemorrhagic vocal fold polyp, laryngeal papilloma, vocal fold sulcus, and vocal fold paralysis. Voice abuse was an important cause for dysphonia and history of vocal abuse was reported among 61 children (46.21%). The duration of hoarseness ranged from 1 month to 2 years with a mean duration of 3.63±2.31 months. The larynx was examined by laryngeal mirror alone in 23 children (17.42%), fiber-optic laryngoscopy in 88 children (66.66%), and direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia in 21 cases (15.90%). Voice therapy was done in all children along with vocal hygiene care and micro-laryngeal surgery in 64 cases. Conclusion: Pediatric dysphonia is a common cause for referral to pediatric otolaryngologists and management sometimes variable. Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy is suitable for making an accurate diagnosis

Tracheostomy among pediatric patients: A review

Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure which has been performed since ancient time. Tracheostomy is a life-saving surgical procedure done among critically sick patients. Children with airway compromise often require tracheostomy. The indication of the tracheostomy among children ranges from airway obstruction to prolonged mechanical ventilator support. There are numerous research papers published for adult tracheostomy with its indications, operative technique, and complications, but the literature on pediatric tracheostomy is scarce. Advanced technique of pediatric anesthesia and increased awareness for vaccination for serious diseases such as polio, measles, diphtheria, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) among children increased the changing indication for tracheostomy from emergency to more elective procedure. Standardization of the procedure, timing, and exact indications is helping to reduce the mortality related to the tracheostomy among the pediatric patients. Here, we attempt to discuss the indications, techniques, selection of the tracheostomy tube complications, and outcome of the tracheostomy among pediatric patients

Living fetus without congenital malformation in a singleton partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature

A 36 years old  lady gravida 2 para 1, came to our emergency ward at 9:30 pm on 12th  June 2010  with complains of bleeding p/v for 2 hours with history of bleeding at 12 weeks. On examination she was anemic and uterus was 32 weeks size with good fetal heart sound. Bleeding was coming through os, on p/s examination. Ultrasonography showed a single live fetus of 1033 grams and thickened placenta (79 mm thickness) showing multiple cystic lesion with peripheral hypervascularity, giving an impression of partial hydatidiform mole. She was managed conservatively and delivered a live preterm male child of 960 grams on 13th June 2010 evening without any congenital malformation. Placental weight was 1800 grams with multiple small vesicles. Now the boy is 4 years old and going to school with normal developmental milestone

Normal saline nasal irrigation in childhood allergic rhinosinusitis: Our experiences in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Eastern India

Background: Allergic rhinosinusitis (AR) is a common clinical disorder among pediatric patients. There are different modalities of the treatment for AR ranging from antihistamines, corticosteroids, and mast cell stabilizers in oral or topical formulations. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the effect of nasal saline irrigation or saline spray for reducing the symptoms in childhood AR along with an oral antiallergic treatment. Materials and Methods: The present study is a prospective study of the children suffering from AR between December 2017 and January 2019. All the children were in the age group of 5–16 years. All were randomly divided into two groups. In Group I, nasal saline irrigation was done in 56 patients twice a day along with an oral antiallergic treatment. Group II or control group consists of 56 children of AR those received only oral antiallergic treatment. Follow-up was done at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th weeks after treatment and symptom scores were compared with previous clinical presentations. The data were analyzed by applying t-test. Results: Each group had 56 children with a mean age of 12.6 years in Group-I whereas 11.7 years in Group-II. The percentage disability scores (PDSs) at the beginning of the study were comparable in both the groups (83% vs. 88%). Both groups showed improvement in the PDS after treatment at the 2nd week; however, it was more in Group-I than in Group-II (p<0.001, paired t-test). Conclusion: Involvement of normal saline irrigation with oral antiallergic treatment in the present study provided satisfactory symptomatic relief in comparison with antiallergic treatment in pediatric patients suffering from AR

Advancing Indonesian Education through the Three Penggerak Programs

To support the Kurikulum Merdeka policy, several programs have been launched by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology (Kemendikbudristek), such as activating schools (Sekolah Penggerak), activating teachers (Guru Penggerak), and activating organizations (Organisasi Penggerak). To date, there are 2,492 Sekolah Penggerak spread across 111 cities of 34 provinces in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the number of Guru Penggerak is targeted in 2024 to be as many as 405,900 teachers. On the other hand, the Organisasi Penggerak will be assigned to assist 7,588 Sekolah Penggerak. Since the Indonesian government has high expectations for these programs, cooperation from various parties is needed. This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of these newly launched programs. We used a qualitative approach with a systematic review of the relevant databases on related topics. Observations and interviews were also conducted. We found that massive support from all parties, such as teachers, principals, facilitators, school supervisors, and officials, is very important to achieve the goals of the Kurikulum Merdeka. This study is important to gain a deep understanding of the Kurikulum Merdeka from the point of view of policymakers. Keywords: Kurikulum Merdeka; Merdeka Belajar; Sekolah Penggerak; Guru Penggerak; Organisasi Penggera