Interações discursivas entre a alfabetização e o ensino de inglês em salas do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental I

This study is organized in a speech perspective and aims to discuss curricular guidelines with a view to undertaking ways of teaching the Modern Foreign Language - LEM - in the first year of Elementary School. Establishing dialogical relations with literacy. Nowadays, Foreign Language - English for Elementary School - is not included in the official document guiding Brazilian school curriculum, the Common National Curricular Base (BNCC). In view of what has been exposed here, the relevance of this study lies in the presentation of possibilities for dialogical relationships between the teaching of LEM and literacy, since LEM is offered in Elementary School I and presented in a speech perspective in the municipal curriculum analyzed in this article. This work is based on the theoretical assumptions of Enunciation theory and Historical Cultural Psychology.El presente estudio, organizado en una perspectiva discursiva del lenguaje, sustentado en los supuestos teóricos de la Psicología Histórico-Cultural y en la Teoría de la Enunciación, tiene como objetivo discutir los lineamientos curriculares de un sistema municipal en el interior de São Paulo, con miras a emprender métodos de enseñanza de Lengua Extranjera Moderna, en el primer año de la Escuela Primaria I, estableciendo relaciones dialógicas con la alfabetización. La investigación documental se utilizó para generar los datos, sin embargo, la comprensión de los datos aquí considerados se refiere al análisis de los lineamientos para la enseñanza del inglés presentados en el Currículo Común de el Sistema de Enseñanza de una ciudad mediana del interior de São Paulo y en el BNCC. Los datos mostraron, a partir del análisis y organizados en ejes de discusión, convergencias entre el Currículo y los lineamientos del BNCC, y relaciones dialógicas entre la enseñanza de LEM y la alfabetización. También señalaron disonancias entre los supuestos teórico-metodológicos, los objetivos y los contenidos presentados en el documento municipal.O presente estudo organizado numa perspectiva discursiva da linguagem, subsidiado pelos pressupostos teóricos da Psicologia Histórico-cultural e pela teoria da Enunciação, tem como objetivo discutir orientações curriculares de uma rede municipal do interior paulista, com vistas a empreender modos de ensino da Língua Estrangeira Moderna, no primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental I, estabelecendo relações dialógicas com a alfabetização. Para a geração dos dados utilizou-se a pesquisa documental, porém, a compreensão dos dados aqui considerados se remete a análise das diretrizes para o ensino de inglês apresentados no Currículo Comum da Rede de ensino de um município de médio porte do interior paulista e na BNCC. Os dados evidenciaram, a partir da análise e organizados em eixos de discussão, convergências entre o Currículo e as diretrizes da BNCC, relações dialógicas entre o ensino da LEM e alfabetização. Apontaram ainda, dissonâncias entre pressupostos teóricos-metodológicos, objetivos e conteúdos presentificados no documento municipal

Professores dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, pedagogia histórico-crítica e ensino de ciências: investigando articulações

This study aimed to analyze the knowledge of a teachers group on Historical Critical Pedagogy (HCP) and its joints with the science teaching in the initial grades. Therefore, it was designed and developed a continuing education course for teachers of a municipal school from Bauru. The data were collected from material produced by the participants, observations of meetings, questionnaires and interviews, which are examined through Content Analysis. The data were organized into four themes: (In) formation sources, Critical Theories and HCP, Knowledge of HCP and HCP Science and Education. For the data analysis, it appears that the knowledge of teachers is limited, especially with regard to the bases from and to the HCP and the Science education is poorly articuled in this perspective. The teachers demonstrate that kwnow some principles of the theory and they indicate the need for theoretical study. We have discussed the need to theoretical domain of this theory by teachers and training as way for this processO presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o conhecimento de um grupo de professores sobre a Pedagogia Histórico-crítica (PHC) e sua articulação com o ensino de Ciências nas series iniciais. Para tanto, foi elaborado e desenvolvido um curso de formação continuada para professores de uma escola da rede municipal de ensino de Bauru. Os dados foram coletados a partir de materiais produzidos pelos participantes, observações dos encontros, questionários e entrevistas, sendo estes examinados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo. Os dados obtidos foram organizados em quatro eixos temáticos: Fontes de (in)formação, Teorias críticas e PHC, Conhecimentos sobre a PHC e Ensino de Ciências e PHC. Pela análise dos dados, verifica-se que o conhecimento das professoras é limitado, especialmente em relação às bases e para a PHC e que o ensino de Ciências é pouco articulado a essa perspectiva. Os professores demonstram que conhecem alguns principios da teoria e indicam a necessidade de aprofundamento teórico. Discutiu-se a necessidade de domínio teórico dessa teoria pelos professores e a formação como via para este process

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status