Formulation and Evaluation of Anticholinesterase Drug Neostigmine Methylsulfate Injection

The main objective of the study was to formulate a safe and stable injection for rapid therapeutic action. The Neostigmine methylsulfate is the drug substance which is used to prevent destruction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase within the nervous system. Neostigmine methylsulfate cannot be given as oral dosage form due to its quaternary amine structure. The dose of oral dosage form of Neostigmine methylsulfate exceeds 10 times greater than parenteral dosage form. To overcome this problem a safe and stable formulation of Neostigmine methylsulfate injection was prepared and evaluated. Drug, Phenol and sodium acetate, order of mixing was determined in pre-formulation development. D value ensures moist-heat sterilization method is suitable for the injection. The Process compatibility study reveals that injection potency and purity did not affected when exposed to stainless steel and process tubing. The filter compatibility study demonstrates that the Neostigmine methylsulfate injection passes through filter without having drug loss due to binding of the drug to the membrane. Stability study of developed formulation conducted at Nitrogen purged environment, different pH, and various temperatures are tested over time for the amount of drug, Phenol, impurities, and particulate matter clearly indicated the drug product was stable. Neostigmine methylsulfate injection passes the entire quality control release test and there were no mechanical issues during the process. Thus, the product can be manufactured at a large scale

AI Enabled-6G: Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Integration of 6G Wireless Communications

The research in wireless communication is rapidly shifting to the next generation mobile system, 6G. Fifth-generation mobile network standards are now in use. However, there are still some user criteria that are expected to be satisfied in the sixth-generation communication network. 6G is estimated to enable the unprecedented intelligence Internet of Things with extremely varied stimulating necessities. Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) is considered as a novel paradigm for the designing and optimizing intelligent 6G architectures, standards and functions. By 2030, all of the people would be using 6G. In this paper, we investigate 6G trends, requirements, challenges & potential solutions and how AI-enabled technique can integrate 6G communications. The analysis section provides the need and how AI-empowered technique efficiently and effectively enhances the performance of network. The 6G networks based on intelligent AI architecture used to understand automatic network adjustment, knowledge discovery, intelligent service provisioning, and smart resource management

αA-crystallin R49Cneo mutation influences the architecture of lens fiber cell membranes and causes posterior and nuclear cataracts in mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>αA-crystallin (CRYAA/HSPB4), a major component of all vertebrate eye lenses, is a small heat shock protein responsible for maintaining lens transparency. The R49C mutation in the αA-crystallin protein is linked with non-syndromic, hereditary human cataracts in a four-generation Caucasian family.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study describes a mouse cataract model generated by insertion of a neomycin-resistant (neo^r) gene into an intron of the gene encoding mutant R49C αA-crystallin. Mice carrying the neo^rgene and wild-type <it>Cryaa </it>were also generated as controls. Heterozygous knock-in mice containing one wild type gene and one mutated gene for αA-crystallin (WT/R49C^neo) and homozygous knock-in mice containing two mutated genes (R49C^neo/R49C^neo) were compared.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By 3 weeks, WT/R49C^neomice exhibited large vacuoles in the cortical region 100 μm from the lens surface, and by 3 months posterior and nuclear cataracts had developed. WT/R49C^neomice demonstrated severe posterior cataracts at 9 months of age, with considerable posterior nuclear migration evident in histological sections. R49C^neo/R49C^neomice demonstrated nearly complete lens opacities by 5 months of age. In contrast, R49C mice in which the neo^rgene was deleted by breeding with CreEIIa mice developed lens abnormalities at birth, suggesting that the neo^rgene may suppress expression of mutant R49C αA-crystallin protein.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is apparent that modification of membrane and cell-cell interactions occurs in the presence of the αA-crystallin mutation and rapidly leads to lens cell pathology <it>in vivo</it>.</p

Bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst using Aspergillus niger with high-yield oxalic acid

10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.10.011Journal of Biotechnology1162171-184JBIT

Use of adapted Aspergillus niger in the bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst

Journal of Biotechnology121162-74JBIT

Surface chemical studies on sphalerite and galena using Bacillus polymyxa: II. Mechanisms of microbe-mineral interactions

Biodissolution tests reveal the release of lead/zinc species from galena/sphalerite, respectively, while biosorption experiments confirm interaction of cells of Bacillus polymyxa (B. polymyxa) with the metal ions of interest. The amount of exo-polysaccharides is found to be the highest in the case of galena-interacted cells, followed by the Bromfield medium-grown cells while the sphalerite-interacted cells have the least, based on ruthenium red adsorption studies. In contrast, the sphalerite-interacted cells assay the highest amount of protein while the galena-interacted cells have the lowest amount, on a comparative basis. The adsorption of xanthate onto galena is found to be diminished in the presence of the cells whereas the xanthate adsorption density for activated sphalerite is unaffected in the pH range 9-11. Additionally, the cell surface hydrophobicity tests confirm that the sphalerite-interacted cells are more hydrophobic relative to the galena-interacted cells. FTIR spectroscopic data lend support to the higher adsorption density of the cells onto galena vis-à-vis sphalerite. The higher exo-polysaccharide and lower protein contents together with the hydrophilic nature of the galena-interacted cells could be the contributing factors to the selective flocculation and depression of galena. In a similar manner, the higher protein and lower exo-polysaccharide contents as well as the greater hydrophobicity of the sphalerite-interacted cells favor its floatability and dispersion

Surface Chemical Studies on Sphalerite and Galena Using Bacillus polymyxa II. Mechanisms of Microbe–Mineral Interactions

Biodissolution tests reveal the release of lead/zinc species from galena/sphalerite, respectively, while biosorption experiments confirm interaction of cells of Bacillus polymyxa (B. polymyxa) with the metal ions of interest. The amount of exo-polysaccharides is found to be the highest in the case of galena-interacted cells, followed by the Bromfield medium-grown cells while the sphalerite-interacted cells have the least, based on ruthenium red adsorption studies. In contrast, the sphalerite-interacted cells assay the highest amount of protein while the galena-interacted cells have the lowest amount, on a comparative basis. The adsorption of xanthate onto galena is found to be diminished in the presence of the cells whereas the xanthate adsorption density for activated sphalerite is unaffected in the pH range 9–11. Additionally, the cell surface hydrophobicity tests confirm that the sphalerite-interacted cells are more hydrophobic relative to the galena-interacted cells. FTIR spectroscopic data lend support to the higher adsorption density of the cells onto galena vis-a-vis sphalerite. The higher exo-polysaccharide and lower protein contents together with the hydrophilic nature of the galena-interacted cells could be the contributing factors to the selective flocculation and depression of galena. In a similar manner, the higher protein and lower exo-polysaccharide contents as well as the greater hydrophobicity of the sphalerite-interacted cells favor its floatability and dispersion

Surface chemical studies on galena and sphalerite in the presence of Thiobacillus thiooxidans with reference to mineral beneficiation

Adsorption and electrokinetic studies were carried out to examine the surface chemical changes on galena and sphalerite before and after interaction with Thiobacillus thiooxidans (T. thiooxidans). The adsorption density of bacterial cells onto the two sulphide minerals was found to be independent of pH, although an increased number of cells was adsorbed onto galena compared to sphalerite. The adsorption isotherms of the cells with respect to the two minerals conform to the Langmuir equation. Zeta potential measurements revealed that the isoelectric points of the sulphide minerals were shifted to higher pH values after bacterial interaction, suggestive of specific adsorption. Both the sulphide minerals as well as the cells became less electronegative as a function of time after interaction with each other. Selective flotation and flocculation studies highlighted that galena could be separated from sphalerite after bacterial interaction. These tests confirmed that galena was depressed while sphalerite was made hydrophobic after interaction with the cells. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies provided evidence in support of hydrogen bonding for the mineral-cell adsorption process. Possible mechanisms of interaction between galena/sphalerite and the cells of T. thiooxidans are discussed

Surface modification studies on sulphide minerals using bioreagents

The interaction of galena and sphalerite minerals with the metabolite obtained from Bacillus polymyxa has been examined through adsorption, electrokinetic, microflotation and flocculation tests. The adsorption density of the carbohydrate component of the metabolite for sphalerite exhibits a characteristic maximum in the pH range of 6-7, while in the case of galena the amount adsorbed increases with increase of pH. On the other hand, the adsorption density of the bacterial protein shows a continuous decrease with increase of pH, for both the minerals. The adsorption affinity of both the metabolic components is higher for galena vis-à-vis sphalerite. The electrophoretic mobility of the chosen minerals becomes less negative after interaction with the metabolite, in proportion with the time of interaction. Interestingly, the isoelectric point of sphalerite is shifted to less acidic values after treatment with the metabolite, but that of galena is unaltered. Bioflotation and bioflocculation studies on a synthetic mixture of galena and sphalerite demonstrate that galena can be selectively depressed or flocculated from sphalerite under appropriate conditions. Co-precipitation tests confirm complexation of lead and zinc species with the metabolic products, in the bulk solution. Possible mechanisms of interaction between the chosen sulphide minerals and the bioreagents are discussed