Estrutura da interação dos Drosophilidae micófagos na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Pará, Brasil

Orientador : Claudio J.B. de CarvalhoCo-orientadoras : Marlúcia Bonifácio Martins, Isabela Galarda VarassinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 04/05/2015Inclui referênciasÁrea de concentração : EntomologiaResumo: Este manuscrito está dividido em dois capítulos (Capítulo I e Capítulo II). O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo caracterizar a guilda de Drosophilidae micófago para a FLONA de Caxiuanã no Estado do Pará. Para tanto, foram realizadas três coletas em duas áreas da FLONA denominadas PPBio e ECFPenna. Um total de 148 amostras de fungos foi coletado, distribuídas em 52 espécies e morfoespécies, pertencentes a 15 famílias, nestas 148 amostras foram encontrados 5060 indivíduos de Drosophilidae, distribuídos em 54 espécies e morfoespécies. O gênero Zygotrhica foi o que apresentou maior riqueza, com 25 espécies, seguido do gênero Hirtodrosophila. A família Polyporaceae foi a que suportou maior riqueza de Drosophilidae, com 35 espécies. A distribuição de abundância da guilda foi ajustada pelo modelo Série geométrica, que descreve uma comunidade com predominância de espécies dominantes. Os estimadores de riqueza estimaram riqueza aproximada de 80 espécies para a FLONA. A riqueza de Drosophilidae está positivamente relacionada com a riqueza de fungo, embora não esteja com sua abundância. Os períodos de coletas foram similares quanto à composição Drosophilidae. A guilda dos Drosophilidae para FLONA de Caxiuanã é caracterizada por espécies do grupo de gêneros Zygothrica, linhagem que agrupa as espécies com hábitos micofagos para a região Neotropical. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo investigar a estrutura da rede de interação Drosophilidae-Fungi da região Amazônica. Foram construídas matrizes de interação quantitativas e qualitativas para determinar as propriedades de redes, assim como matrizes probabilísticas para gerar modelos que incorporam fatores preditivos das interações par-a-par e da estrutura das redes: ocorrência, abundância, fenologia e as combinações entre eles. A abundância das interações foi que melhor predisse as interações entre pares de espécies. A estrutura da rede Drosophilidae-Fungi foi melhor predita pelos modelos de abundância e fenologia. De fato a abundância tem sido considerada como preditora da interação nas redes em vários estudos sobre redes de interações. A conectância e o aninhamento geradas pelas matrizes probabilísticas foram as propriedades de rede que melhor se aproximaram da matriz observada, indicando mais uma vez que a abundância e fenologia são suficientes para predizer a estrutura de redes ecológicas. Palavras-Chave: Interação, Drosophilidae; estrutura da rede; fungos macroscópicos; AmazôniaAbstract: This manuscript is divided into two chapters (chapter I and chapter II). The first chapter aimed to characterize the Drosophilidae mycophagous guild of FLONA Caxiuanã, Pará State. Thus, three samples were taken in two areas of the National Forest called PPBio and ECFPenna. A total of 148 fungi samples were collected distributed in 52 species and morphospecies belonging to 15 families, on these 148 samples were found 5060 Drosophilidae individuals, distributed in 54 species and morphospecies. The Zygotrhica genera showed the greatest richness, with 25 species, followed by Hirtodrosophila. The Polyporaceae family was the one that sustained higher richness Drosophilid, with 35 species. The distribution of abundance of the guild was adjusted by the model geometric series, which describes a community with predominance of dominant species. The richness estimators approximate estimated 80 species from the FLONA. The richness of Drosophilidae is positively related to fungi richness, however not with its abundance. Collections were similar in Drosophilidae composition. The guild Drosophilidae mycophagous to FLONA Caxiuanã is characterized by species of the group of Zygothrica genus, lineage comprising species with mycophagous habits for the Neotropical region. The second chapter aimed to investigate the structure of the network Drosophilidae-Fungi interaction of the Amazon region. Qualitative and quantitative interaction matrices were constructed to determine the properties of networks, as well as probability matrices for generate models that incorporate predictive factors peer-to-peer interactions and the structure of networks: occurrence, abundance, phenology and the combinations among them. The abundance of interactions was that best predicted interactions between pairs of species. The structure of Drosophilidae-Fungi network was best predicted by the models of abundance and phenology. In fact abundance has been regarded as a predictor of interaction networks in several studies on interaction networks. Connectance and nestedness generated by probability matrices were the network properties that are better approached the matrice observed indicating again that the abundance and phenology are enough for predict the structure of ecological networks. Keywords: Interaction; Drosophilidae; network structure; macrosocpic fungi; Amazo

Inglês (US)

The composition and potential hosts of mycophagous Drosophilidae from a section of the Brazilian Amazon forest in the Caxiuanã National forest were investigated. Sampling was performed in three different periods at long the wet season (January (beginning) and July (end) 2013 and May (middle) 2014). The samples were collected from existing trails by actively searching for fungal fruiting bodies where Drosophilidae were present. We present composition and richness analysis over two years of sampling sampling Drosophilidae and Fungi. We evaluate sampling completeness using asymptotic species richness estimators. Out of 159 fruiting body samples and 64 fungal species, 5,124 drosophilids belonging to 55 species and 5 genera were collected. The mycophagous Drosophilidae richness values estimated by Jackknife 1 and Bootstrap were 69 and 61, respectively. The estimated fly richness correlated positively with fungal richness and abundance. Among the Drosophilidae species identified in this study, approximately 5% represent new occurrences for Brazil and 56% represent new species. Four genera belonging to the Zygothrica genus group are found in the Amazon region, and these genera represent 80% of the fungus-associated fauna known to date for the tropics. In conclusion, our results show that the fungal richness and abundance were the factors that determined the high diversity of mycophagous Drosophilidae

Inglês (US)

The composition and potential hosts of mycophagous Drosophilidae from a section of the Brazilian Amazon forest in the Caxiuanã National forest were investigated. Sampling was performed in three different periods at long the wet season (January (beginning) and July (end) 2013 and May (middle) 2014). The samples were collected from existing trails by actively searching for fungal fruiting bodies where Drosophilidae were present. We present composition and richness analysis over two years of sampling sampling Drosophilidae and Fungi. We evaluate sampling completeness using asymptotic species richness estimators. Out of 159 fruiting body samples and 64 fungal species, 5,124 drosophilids belonging to 55 species and 5 genera were collected. The mycophagous Drosophilidae richness values estimated by Jackknife 1 and Bootstrap were 69 and 61, respectively. The estimated fly richness correlated positively with fungal richness and abundance. Among the Drosophilidae species identified in this study, approximately 5% represent new occurrences for Brazil and 56% represent new species. Four genera belonging to the Zygothrica genus group are found in the Amazon region, and these genera represent 80% of the fungus-associated fauna known to date for the tropics. In conclusion, our results show that the fungal richness and abundance were the factors that determined the high diversity of mycophagous Drosophilidae

Estrutura da interação dos Drosophilidae micófagos na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Pará, Brasil

Orientador : Claudio J.B. de CarvalhoCo-orientadoras : Marlúcia Bonifácio Martins, Isabela Galarda VarassinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 04/05/2015Inclui referênciasÁrea de concentração : EntomologiaResumo: Este manuscrito está dividido em dois capítulos (Capítulo I e Capítulo II). O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo caracterizar a guilda de Drosophilidae micófago para a FLONA de Caxiuanã no Estado do Pará. Para tanto, foram realizadas três coletas em duas áreas da FLONA denominadas PPBio e ECFPenna. Um total de 148 amostras de fungos foi coletado, distribuídas em 52 espécies e morfoespécies, pertencentes a 15 famílias, nestas 148 amostras foram encontrados 5060 indivíduos de Drosophilidae, distribuídos em 54 espécies e morfoespécies. O gênero Zygotrhica foi o que apresentou maior riqueza, com 25 espécies, seguido do gênero Hirtodrosophila. A família Polyporaceae foi a que suportou maior riqueza de Drosophilidae, com 35 espécies. A distribuição de abundância da guilda foi ajustada pelo modelo Série geométrica, que descreve uma comunidade com predominância de espécies dominantes. Os estimadores de riqueza estimaram riqueza aproximada de 80 espécies para a FLONA. A riqueza de Drosophilidae está positivamente relacionada com a riqueza de fungo, embora não esteja com sua abundância. Os períodos de coletas foram similares quanto à composição Drosophilidae. A guilda dos Drosophilidae para FLONA de Caxiuanã é caracterizada por espécies do grupo de gêneros Zygothrica, linhagem que agrupa as espécies com hábitos micofagos para a região Neotropical. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo investigar a estrutura da rede de interação Drosophilidae-Fungi da região Amazônica. Foram construídas matrizes de interação quantitativas e qualitativas para determinar as propriedades de redes, assim como matrizes probabilísticas para gerar modelos que incorporam fatores preditivos das interações par-a-par e da estrutura das redes: ocorrência, abundância, fenologia e as combinações entre eles. A abundância das interações foi que melhor predisse as interações entre pares de espécies. A estrutura da rede Drosophilidae-Fungi foi melhor predita pelos modelos de abundância e fenologia. De fato a abundância tem sido considerada como preditora da interação nas redes em vários estudos sobre redes de interações. A conectância e o aninhamento geradas pelas matrizes probabilísticas foram as propriedades de rede que melhor se aproximaram da matriz observada, indicando mais uma vez que a abundância e fenologia são suficientes para predizer a estrutura de redes ecológicas. Palavras-Chave: Interação, Drosophilidae; estrutura da rede; fungos macroscópicos; AmazôniaAbstract: This manuscript is divided into two chapters (chapter I and chapter II). The first chapter aimed to characterize the Drosophilidae mycophagous guild of FLONA Caxiuanã, Pará State. Thus, three samples were taken in two areas of the National Forest called PPBio and ECFPenna. A total of 148 fungi samples were collected distributed in 52 species and morphospecies belonging to 15 families, on these 148 samples were found 5060 Drosophilidae individuals, distributed in 54 species and morphospecies. The Zygotrhica genera showed the greatest richness, with 25 species, followed by Hirtodrosophila. The Polyporaceae family was the one that sustained higher richness Drosophilid, with 35 species. The distribution of abundance of the guild was adjusted by the model geometric series, which describes a community with predominance of dominant species. The richness estimators approximate estimated 80 species from the FLONA. The richness of Drosophilidae is positively related to fungi richness, however not with its abundance. Collections were similar in Drosophilidae composition. The guild Drosophilidae mycophagous to FLONA Caxiuanã is characterized by species of the group of Zygothrica genus, lineage comprising species with mycophagous habits for the Neotropical region. The second chapter aimed to investigate the structure of the network Drosophilidae-Fungi interaction of the Amazon region. Qualitative and quantitative interaction matrices were constructed to determine the properties of networks, as well as probability matrices for generate models that incorporate predictive factors peer-to-peer interactions and the structure of networks: occurrence, abundance, phenology and the combinations among them. The abundance of interactions was that best predicted interactions between pairs of species. The structure of Drosophilidae-Fungi network was best predicted by the models of abundance and phenology. In fact abundance has been regarded as a predictor of interaction networks in several studies on interaction networks. Connectance and nestedness generated by probability matrices were the network properties that are better approached the matrice observed indicating again that the abundance and phenology are enough for predict the structure of ecological networks. Keywords: Interaction; Drosophilidae; network structure; macrosocpic fungi; Amazo

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest

FIGURE 5. Male terminalia of Drosophila lecythus sp. nov. a–c Aedeagus in dorsal, right lateral and ventral views of the holotype. d Hypandrium. e Complete terminalia with epandrium, hypandrium and aedeagus of the holotype.Published as part of <i>Maciel, Vinícius Queiroz, Burlamaqui, Tibério Cesar Tortola, Santa-Brígida, Rosângela, Santos, Rita De Cássia Oliveira & Martins, Marlúcia Bonifácio, 2023, A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest, pp. 35-50 in Zootaxa 5374 (1)</i> on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5374.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10145018">http://zenodo.org/record/10145018</a&gt

A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest

Maciel, Vinícius Queiroz, Burlamaqui, Tibério Cesar Tortola, Santa-Brígida, Rosângela, Santos, Rita De Cássia Oliveira, Martins, Marlúcia Bonifácio (2023): A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest. Zootaxa 5374 (1): 35-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5374.1.2, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5374.1.2/5227

FIGURE 7 in A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest

FIGURE 7. Comparison of the inner spermathecal capsules. a Inner spermathecal capsules in lateral view and spermathecal ducts of Drosophila lecythus sp. nov. b Inner spermathecal capsules in lateral view of Drosophila mesostigma (Frota-Pessoa, 1954, Plate XVIII, fig. 44).Published as part of <i>Maciel, Vinícius Queiroz, Burlamaqui, Tibério Cesar Tortola, Santa-Brígida, Rosângela, Santos, Rita De Cássia Oliveira & Martins, Marlúcia Bonifácio, 2023, A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest, pp. 35-50 in Zootaxa 5374 (1)</i> on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5374.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10145018">http://zenodo.org/record/10145018</a&gt

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest

FIGURE 3. Habitus of Drosophila lecythus sp. nov. a–c Body in lateral, ventral and dorsal view of the male holotype. d dorsal view of the head of the female allotype e frontal view of the head of the female allotype f cuneiform bristles of the femur of the first pair of legs of the holotype. g wing of the female allotype.Published as part of <i>Maciel, Vinícius Queiroz, Burlamaqui, Tibério Cesar Tortola, Santa-Brígida, Rosângela, Santos, Rita De Cássia Oliveira & Martins, Marlúcia Bonifácio, 2023, A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest, pp. 35-50 in Zootaxa 5374 (1)</i> on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5374.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10145018">http://zenodo.org/record/10145018</a&gt

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest

FIGURE 1. Pots exposed on forest floor containing fallen flowers, and later covered with organza to check oviposition by drosophilids a Pot on forest floor among fallen branches b Pot containing decomposing flowers of Bertholletia excelsa c Pot containing decaying flowers of Eschweilera grandiflora.Published as part of <i>Maciel, Vinícius Queiroz, Burlamaqui, Tibério Cesar Tortola, Santa-Brígida, Rosângela, Santos, Rita De Cássia Oliveira & Martins, Marlúcia Bonifácio, 2023, A new species of the Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with fallen flowers of six Lecythidaceae species in the Amazon Rainforest, pp. 35-50 in Zootaxa 5374 (1)</i> on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5374.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10145018">http://zenodo.org/record/10145018</a&gt