Plasmid copy number underlies adaptive mutability in bacteria.

The origin of mutations under selection has been intensively studied using the Cairns-Foster system, in which cells of an Escherichia coli lac mutant are plated on lactose and give rise to 100 Lac+ revertants over several days. These revertants have been attributed variously to stress-induced mutagenesis of nongrowing cells or to selective improvement of preexisting weakly Lac+ cells with no mutagenesis. Most revertant colonies (90%) contain stably Lac+ cells, while others (10%) contain cells with an unstable amplification of the leaky mutant lac allele. Evidence is presented that both stable and unstable Lac+ revertant colonies are initiated by preexisting cells with multiple copies of the F'lac plasmid, which carries the mutant lac allele. The tetracycline analog anhydrotetracycline (AnTc) inhibits growth of cells with multiple copies of the tetA gene. Populations with tetA on their F'lac plasmid include rare cells with an elevated plasmid copy number and multiple copies of both the tetA and lac genes. Pregrowth of such populations with AnTc reduces the number of cells with multiple F'lac copies and consequently the number of Lac+ colonies appearing under selection. Revertant yield is restored rapidly by a few generations of growth without AnTc. We suggest that preexisting cells with multiple F'lac copies divide very little under selection but have enough energy to replicate their F'lac plasmids repeatedly until reversion initiates a stable Lac+ colony. Preexisting cells whose high-copy plasmid includes an internal lac duplication grow under selection and produce an unstable Lac+ colony. In this model, all revertant colonies are initiated by preexisting cells and cannot be stress induced

ショサンプ ニ オケル サンゴ 1シュウ ノ ストレス ハンノウ カラ ミタ サンゴ 4シュウ ニ オケル イクジ ストレス ノ トクチョウ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ ダイ2ホウ

　Purpose：This study was conducted to clarify childcare stressors, cognitive assessment and coping characteristics among primapara women in a state of strong stress reactions at 4 weeks postpartum．　Method：A questionnaire survey was conducted targeted at 70 primapara women at 1 and 4 weeks postpartum．The contents of the survey consisted of the Childcare Stressor Scale, Cognitive Appraisal Rating Scale, Coping Scale and Public Health Research Foundation Stress Check List Short Form (PHRF-SCL-SF)．　Results：A cluster analysis of the PHRF-SCL-SF was conducted at 1 week postpartum targeted at 27 women categorized as a high stress reaction group．These subjects consisted of 12 women (44.4%) of a persistent stress group who were categorized as the high stress reaction group at both 1 week and 4 weeks postpartum, and 15 women (55.6％) of a diminished stress reaction group who were categorized as the high stress reaction group at 1 week postpartum but categorized as a low stress reaction group at week 4 postpartum．The Mann-Whitney U test was performed using these two groups as independent variables and using subscale scores of the Childhood Stressor Scale, Cognitive Appraisal Rating Scale and Coping Scale as dependent variables．Among childcare stressors, the persistent stress group demonstrated high scores for "decreased sense of effectiveness as parent", "inadequate childcare knowledge and skills" and "sense of constraint due to childcare"．Those subjects who felt a high level of stress attributable to their baby crying at night or after feeding consisted of 6 subjects( 50.0％) in the persistent stress group and 2 subjects (13.3％) in the diminished stress group, and cognitive assessment scores were higher for "assessed as threatening" and lower for "controllability" among the persistent stress group．There were no significant differences observed with respect to coping．　Discussion：The characteristics of childcare stressors and cognitive assessment among primapara women in whom high stress reactions persisted at week 4 postpartum were able to be identified．These were thought to be attributable to a sense of confusion and things not going as expected with respect to feeding and childcare they experienced for the first time as a result of being first-time mothers, as well as being forced to a lead a lifestyle in an environment that subjects them to restrictions such as a lack of recreational activities．In order to prevent this, it was suggested to be important for nursing professionals to provide specific guidance to first-time mothers in the areas of childcare knowledge and skills while focusing on the time from pregnancy to childrearing, as well as make active use of telephone visitations and two-week checkups after birth to validate their behavior and emotions as mothers while also promoting a sense of success and achievement．　目的：産後4週間においてストレス反応が強い状態にある初産婦の育児ストレッサー，認知的評価，コーピングの特徴を明らかにする。　方法：初産婦70名を対象に産後1週と4週に質問紙調査を実施した。調査内容は，育児ストレッサー尺度，認知的評価測定尺度，コーピング尺度，Public Health Research Foundation Stress Check List Short Form (PHRF-SCL-SF) であった。　結果：産後1週のPHRF-SCL-SF のクラスタ分析によりストレス反応が高群に分類された27名を分析対象とした。産後1週と4週ともに高群に属した持続群12名 (44.4％)，産後1週は高群，4週は低群に属したストレス軽減群15名(55.6％)であった。この2 群を独立変数，4週の育児ストレッサー尺度，認知的評価測定尺度，コーピング尺度の下位尺度点を従属変数とし Mann-Whitney のU検定を行った。育児ストレッサーでは，「親としての効力感低下」「育児知識と技術不足」「育児による拘束感」で持続群の方が高得点であった。夜間や授乳後の児の啼泣をとてもストレスと感じる者は持続群6名(50.0％)，軽減群2名(13.3％)であり，認知的評価の得点は，持続群の方が「脅威性の評価」で高く，「コントロール可能性」では低かった。コーピングでは有意差はなかった。　考察：産後4週間においてストレス反応が高い状態で持続する初産婦の育児ストレッサーや認知的評価の特徴が明らかにされた。これらは初産婦であるため初めて体験する授乳及び児の養育に対する戸惑いや思い通りにすすまないこと，外出の制限等限られた環境での生活を余儀なくされることに起因していると思われる。それらの予防には，看護職者は妊娠中から育児期を視野においた育児知識や技術の具体的な指導を行うこと，産後の電話訪問や2週間健診を活用し，母親の行動や感情を承認して成功体験や達成感の体感につなげることの重要性が示唆された。報

TWO PITUITARY ADENOMAS IN MEN 1

The clinical and genetic features of a 43-year-old male patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 were reported. He developed hyperparathyroidism, a GHRH-producing pancreatic tumor, and acromegaly between 1980 and 1983. Because his pituitary gland increased in size even after resecting the GHRH-producing pancreatic tumor, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed six years later. The pituitary contained two histologically-different adenomas composed of somatotroph cells and null cells. Genetic analyses revealed loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 11 in common in the pituitary adenomas, the pancreatic endocrine tumors, and a parathyroid hyperplasia. On the other hand, mutations of ras, p53, Gsα, and Gi2α genes were not found in these tumors. The loss of the tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 11q12-13 was involved in the formation of two pituitary adenomas, two pancreatic endocrine functioning tumors, and a parathyroid hyperplasia in this patient, but the tumorigenic factors in the specific endocrine organs remain to be studied

三重県における地域別食生活実態の公衆栄養学的考察 : 第14報 昭和58年,三重県下鈴鹿市庄野小学校および大山田村東小学校学童の栄養摂取状態とその家族とのまどい状況(自然科学編)

三重県における学童期栄養のあり方と栄養指導の方法を探る目的で,第1報～第5報(1978～1982)にひきつづき,前回と同じ鈴鹿市庄野小学校および阿山郡大山田村東小学校学童を対象とし,その家庭食事(朝・夕食および間食)における栄養摂取状況およびその家族とののまどい状況について調査した。(1)家庭食事における栄養摂取状態については,庄野小ではカルシウムおよびビタミンAが,東小ではビタミンB_2が標準量のそれよりも有意に下回り,不足勝ちであることが注目された。(2)脂肪エネルギー比,P/S比およびコレステロール摂取量については,平均値としては問題はないが,個人別では不適正な学童の存在は否定しえなかった。(3)食塩の摂取量については両校との間に有意差がみとめられたが,両校ともその摂取量はかなりの摂取過剰で適正であるとはいえなかった。(4)食品群別摂取量においては,その目標量を著しく下回っていた食品群は,庄野小では乳類および緑黄色野菜類であり,東小では乳類,緑黄色野菜および油脂類が目立った。(5)家族そろって食べないと答えた学童については庄野小では朝食15.8%,夕食31.6%,東小では朝食37.5%,夕食43.8%も存在した。The purpose of this investigation is to make a search for nutritive conditions of schoolchildren and means for their nutritive guidance in Mie prefecture. In succession to the previous reports (Nos.1-5) in 1978-1982, schoolchildren of the same, Shono elementary school in Suzuka City and Higashi elementary school in Oyamada-mura, Ayama-gun, were investigated for their nutritive conditions and the situation of their family circle at table ( breakfast, supper and snack). (1) In terms of nutritive conditions, calcium and vitamin A and vitamin B_2 intakes were significantly inferior to the standards for the Shono elementary schoolchildren and for the Higashi elementary schoolchildren, respectively. (2) Mean values of proportion of fat-energy, P/S ratio, and cholesterol intake had no particular problems, however, some schoolchildren were ill-fed. (3) Salt intake was more than enough for both elementary schoolchildren, and there was a significant difference between both. (4) Intakes of milk, eggs, soybeans, and green vegetables did not satisfy the target values for both schoolchildren. Only Higashi elementary schoolchildren showed a prominent shortage of fats and fruits intakes. (5) For Shono elementary school, 15.8% and 31.6% of the children answered that they did not take their respective breakfast and supper, with all their family, as compared with 37.5% and 43.8%, respectively, for Higashi elementary school

<Review> (1) García, O., and Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging : Implications for language, bilingualism and education. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Pivot. (2) Ceric, C., and Seltzer, K. (2011). Translanguaging : A CUNY-NYSIEB guide for educators. The Graduate Center, The City University of New York: CUNY-NYSIEB.

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Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension