an estimated 30 60 of adult patients after stroke do not achieve satisfactory motor recovery of the upper limb despite intensive rehabilitation

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Peningkatan hasil belajar matematika pada materi operasi hitung bilangan bulat melalui alat peraga balok garis bilangan siswa kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun Kecamatan Portibi

Latar belakang masalah dalam penelitian ini dapat dilihat pada siswa kelas kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun Kecamatan Portibi yang masih kesulitan dalam mempelajari matematika dan menyelesaikan soal-soal khususnya pada pokok bahasan penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat. Hal ini dikarenakan guru belum mampu memilih alat peraga yang tepat untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat. Salah satu alat peraga yang dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran pada materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat adalah dengan menggunakan alat peraga balok garis bilangan. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, maka apakah alat peraga balok garis bilangan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun?. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun Kecamatan Portibi dengan menggunakan alat peraga balok garis bilangan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Dilaksanakan di kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun yang dilaksanakan 2 siklus dimana dalam 1 siklus 2 pertemuan. Masing-masing siklus terdiri atas 4 tahap yaitu tahap perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dari hasil belajar yang diambil dari pemberian tes pada akhir siklus. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun Kecamatan Portibi yang berjumlah 31 siswa. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis tindakan diterima yaitu adanya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa melalui alat peraga balok garis bilangan pada materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat di kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I pertemuan 1 sampai siklus I pertemuan 2 yaitu 51,61% meningkat menjadi 77,41%. Kemudian pada siklus II pertemuan 1 sampai pertemuan 2 yaitu 80,64% meningkat menjadi 87,09%. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa alat peraga balok garis bilangn dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat di kelas II SDN 101590 Purbabangun. Kata kunci: alat peraga, hasil belajar, penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat

Circadian Rhythms and Measures of CNS/Autonomic Interaction

The physiological role and relevance of the mechanisms sustaining circadian rhythms have been acknowledged. Abnormalities of the circadian and/or sleep-wakefulness cycles can result in major metabolic disorders or behavioral/professional inadequacies and stand as independent risk factors for metabolic, psychiatric, and cerebrovascular disorders and early markers of disease. Neuroimaging and clinical evidence have documented functional interactions between autonomic (ANS) and CNS structures that are described by a concept model (Central Autonomic Network) based on the brain-heart two-way interplay. The circadian rhythms of autonomic function, ANS-mediated processes, and ANS/CNS interaction appear to be sources of variability adding to a variety of environmental factors, and may become crucial when considering the ANS major role in internal environment constancy and adaptation that are fundamental to homeostasis. The CNS/ANS interaction has not yet obtained full attention and systematic investigation remains overdue. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Peer reviewe

Duration of Coherence Intervals in Electrical Brain Activity in Perceptual Organization

We investigated the relationship between visual experience and temporal intervals of synchronized brain activity. Using high-density scalp electroencephalography, we examined how synchronized activity depends on visual stimulus information and on individual observer sensitivity. In a perceptual grouping task, we varied the ambiguity of visual stimuli and estimated observer sensitivity to this variation. We found that durations of synchronized activity in the beta frequency band were associated with both stimulus ambiguity and sensitivity: the lower the stimulus ambiguity and the higher individual observer sensitivity the longer were the episodes of synchronized activity. Durations of synchronized activity intervals followed an extreme value distribution, indicating that they were limited by the slowest mechanism among the multiple neural mechanisms engaged in the perceptual task. Because the degree of stimulus ambiguity is (inversely) related to the amount of stimulus information, the durations of synchronous episodes reflect the amount of stimulus information processed in the task. We therefore interpreted our results as evidence that the alternating episodes of desynchronized and synchronized electrical brain activity reflect, respectively, the processing of information within local regions and the transfer of information across regions

Biocompatibility of a Conjugated Polymer Retinal Prosthesis in the Domestic Pig

The progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors is one of the most significant causes of blindness in humans. Conjugated polymers represent an attractive solution to the field of retinal prostheses, and a multi-layer fully organic prosthesis implanted subretinally in dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats was able to rescue visual functions. As a step toward human translation, we report here the fabrication and in vivo testing of a similar device engineered to adapt to the human-like size of the eye of the domestic pig, an excellent animal paradigm to test therapeutic strategies for photoreceptors degeneration. The active conjugated polymers were layered onto two distinct passive substrates, namely electro-spun silk fibroin (ESF) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Naive pigs were implanted subretinally with the active device in one eye, while the contralateral eye was sham implanted with substrate only. Retinal morphology and functionality were assessed before and after surgery by means of in vivo optical coherence tomography and full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG) analysis. After the sacrifice, the retina morphology and inflammatory markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of the excised retinas. Surprisingly, ESF-based prostheses caused a proliferative vitreoretinopathy with disappearance of the ff-ERG b-wave in the implanted eyes. In contrast, PET-based active devices did not evoke significant inflammatory responses. As expected, the subretinal implantation of both PET only and the PET-based prosthesis locally decreased the thickness of the outer nuclear layer due to local photoreceptor loss. However, while the implantation of the PET only substrate decreased the ff-ERG b-wave amplitude with respect to the pre-implant ERG, the eyes implanted with the active device fully preserved the ERG responses, indicating an active compensation of the surgery-induced photoreceptor loss. Our findings highlight the possibility of developing a new generation of conjugated polymer/PET-based prosthetic devices that are highly biocompatible and potentially suitable for subretinal implantation in patients suffering from degenerative blindnes