Self rated performance and perceived workload among the public health nurses of Kerala

The study on workload of public health nurses conducted during 2011-12 with the questions on three aspects of workload namely, role overload, role stagnation, self role distance (RODS). The study was conducted in five districts of Kerala using a self administered questionnaire during 2011-12. For data collection 1238 public health nurses were contacted. Of 1238 only 1225 have responded the question on self rated performance. Majority of them scored well in self rated performance, while many of them have scored less in all three aspects of workload namely RODS. This suggests even the public health nurses feel they have performed satisfactorily, but still they feel the over load in terms of role overload, role stagnation and self role distance. This is further justified by the findings on perceived consequences of poor performance. Many have expressed poor performance will not affect their career. This is because even a better performed worker does not get any reward in terms of promotion or poor performed does not get transferred or punished. These findings suggest that government has to take necessary action to reduce the workload and introduce more incentives for better performance

Novel Face-Name Paired Associate Learning and Famous Face Recognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Neuropsychological and Brain Volumetric Study

Purpose: To assess visual associative learning and famous face recognition ability among subjects with stable amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) relative to early stage dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cognitively normal healthy controls (NC) and to correlate these differences with volumetric changes on MRI. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 61 participants. The subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation, including validated newly designed tests for novel face-name paired association learning recall and famous face recognition. MRI volumetry was done on a subset of patients to ascertain the topographical patterns of volume loss. Results: There were significant differences in performance on free recall for face-name paired associate learning in MCI (n = 22) compared to NC (n = 20) (p < 0.001) and MCI compared to AD (n = 19; p < 0.001). Significant differences were also noted in scores on the famous personalities test between MCI and NC (p = 0.007), and MCI and AD (p = 0.032). The free recall component of face-name pair associative learning significantly correlated with left cuneus (p = 0.005; r = 0.833) and right cuneus (p = 0.003; r = 0.861) volume in AD with no significant correlation among MCI and NC cohorts. Conclusions: Novel and semantically familiar face-name associative recalls are significantly impaired in MCI, and these potentially predate the MRI volumetric changes in MCI. Our findings expand the spectrum of recall deficits in MCI

Hyponatremia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Implications and outcomes

Background: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in patients with aneurysmal SAH. Clinically significant hyponatremia (Serum Sodium <131 mEq/L) which needs treatment, has been redefined recently and there is a paucity of outcome studies based on this. This study aims to identify the mean Serum Sodium (S.Na+) level and its duration among inpatients with SAH and to identify the relationship between hyponatremia and the outcome status of patients undergoing surgery for SAH. Materials and Methods: This outcome study is undertaken in the department of neurosurgery, The Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala. Medical records of all patients with SAH from 1st January to 31st July 2010 were reviewed. Preoperative status was assessed using World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grading system. Discharge status was calculated using the Glasgow outcome score scale. Results: Fifty nine patients were included in the study and 53 (89.8%) of them have undergone surgical treatment. Hyponatremia was observed in 22 of 59 patients (37%). The mean Sodium level of hyponatremic patients was 126.97 mEq/L for a median duration of two days. Glasgow outcome score was good in 89.8% of patients. We lost two patients, one of whom had hyponatremia and vasospasm. Conclusion: Hyponatremia is significantly associated with poor outcome in patients with SAH. Anticipate hyponatremia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, timely detect and appropriately treat it to improve outcome. It is more common in patients who are more than 50 years old and whose aneurysm is in the anterior communicating artery. Our comprehensive monitoring ensured early detection and efficient surgical and nursing management reduced morbidity and mortality

A pilot study on utility of Malayalam version of Addenbrooke′s Cognitive Examination in detection of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A critical insight into utility of learning and recall measures

Aims: This pilot study sought to determine whether the Malayalam adaptation of Addenbrooke′s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) can effectively identify patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and the impact of measures of learning and free recall. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 23 patients with a-MCI aged between 55-80 years diagnosed as per current criteria and 23 group matched cognitively normal healthy controls (CNHC) were studied. The measures of acquisition and delayed recall were the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-III (verbal and visual subsets) and Delayed Matching-to-sample Test (DMS)-48. Test scores of M-ACE registration and recall scores were included. To examine the differences in test performances between the groups, we compared the number of subjects with test scores less than 1.5 standard deviation (SD) of the control scores. Comparisons between a-MCI and controls were drawn using Fisher′s exact test and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: M-ACE registration component ascertained on a 24-point scale failed to demonstrate any differences between a-MCI and controls (P = 0.665) as opposed to recall judged on a cumulative 10-point scale (P = 0.001). Significant differences were noted in RAVLT list learning (P < 0.001) and list recall (P = 0.003), WMS-III paragraph learning (P <0.001) and recall (P = 0.007), visual learning (P = 0.004) and recall (P = 0.001). Conclusions: M-ACE recall scores are an effective screening tool to identify patients with suspected a-MCI. Both word list and paragraph learning and recall components have been found to be sensitive to concretely identify a-MCI and impairment on at least 2 tests should be considered in the diagnostic criteria of MCI rather than rely on a single screening battery

Frequent seizures and polytherapy can impair quality of life in persons with epilepsy

CONTEXT: Careful evaluation of pharmacotherapy, seizure control and quality of life (QOL) are helpful in improving epilepsy care but such data are relatively meager from developing countries. AIMS: To audit pharmacotherapy, seizure control and QOL in persons with epilepsy and to identify factors associated with impaired QOL. SETTINGS AND DESIGN AND MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out using a cross-sectional design in the setting of a tertiary care epilepsy center in India. Persons with epilepsy with >12 months follow-up at this Center and aged >16 years were eligible for enrollment. Persons with other disabilities or pregnancy were excluded. Subjects were interviewed with a standard questionnaire and an adapted version of Quality of Life in Epilepsy - 31 (QOLIE-31). Data pertaining to treatment at the time of referral to this center was extracted from medical records. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi-square test, analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were carried out for statistical significance. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve patients with epilepsy (59 males, mean age 31.2±10.7 years) were included. Forty-seven (42%) persons had Generalized Epilepsy (GE) and 65 persons (58%) had Localization-Related Epilepsy (LRE). At entry 24 persons (21.4%) were not on treatment and 59 persons (64.8%) had frequent seizures. At last follow-up 64 persons (57.1%) were seizure-free, 83 persons (74.1%) were on monotherapy and 29 were (25.9%) on polytherapy. Cost of drug at entry was INR 2276 (monotherapy) and INR 3629 (polytherapy) (45 INR = 1 USD). At the time of last follow-up, it was 1898 and 4929 respectively. QOLIE-31 Total Score (TQOL) ranged from 22.6 to 94.4 (mean 68.0 ± 15.8). Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlation between low TQOL score and polytherapy (P=0.002) and occurrence of one or more seizures per month (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent seizures and polytherapy are associated with lower QOL in persons with epilepsy

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<SUB>3</SUB> receptor is upregulated in aortic smooth muscle cells during hypervitaminosis D

Several studies have demonstrated that excess of vitamin D3 is toxic particularly to vascular tissues. A notable pathological feature is arterial calcification. The nature of the toxic metabolite in hypervitaminosis D and the pathogenesis of arterial calcification are not clearly understood. The present study was undertaken to explore whether arterial calcification is a sequel of increased calcium uptake by arterial smooth muscle mediated by up regulation of vitamin D receptor in the cells in response to elevated circulating levels of vitamin D3 in serum. The experimental study was performed in 20 New Zealand white female rabbits aged 6 months. Animals in the test group were injected 10,000 IU of cholecalciferol intramuscularly twice a week for one month. Six control animals were given intra-muscular injections of plain cottonseed oil. Animals were sacrificed and aortas were examined for pathological lesions, 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3) receptor levels and 45Ca uptake in smooth muscle cells. Serum samples collected at intervals were assayed for levels of 25-OH-D3 and calcium. The results showed that in animals given injections of cholecalciferol, serum levels of 25-OH-D3 were elevated. In four of these animals calcification and aneurysmal changes were seen in the aorta. Histological lesions comprised of fragmentation of elastic fibers as well as extensive loss of elastic layers. 1,25(OH)2 D3 receptor levels were up regulated and 45Ca uptake enhanced in aortas of animals which were given excessive vitamin D3. The evidences gathered suggest that excess vitamin D is arteriotoxic and that the vitamin induces arterial calcification through up regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and increased calcium uptake in smooth muscle cells of the arteries