Historical and current evolution of the coastline on the beach of Somo (Cantabria), by using aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning

Los trabajos topográficos llevados a cabo en la playa de Somo en el periodo 1988-1993 muestran ligeros cambios en la línea de costa. Para constatar estos cambios se ha estudiado el periodo 2001-2010 mediante fotogrametría, y desde el año 2011 se realizan dos mediciones anuales con láser escáner terrestre (TLS). Para este estudio, se ha seleccionado una porción de 400 metros en la playa de Somo, por coincidir con las mediciones del periodo 1988-1993. La aplicación de instrumentación geomática (GPS, estación total, TLS) y fotogrametría aérea ha permitido establecer dos grupos de periodos con comportamientos netamente diferentes. Un grupo donde no hay casi retroceso de la línea de costa arenosa: 1988-1993, 2001-2013, y otro grupo de retroceso acentuado: 1994-2000 y 2014. Este último año coincidieron temporales de grandes olas (mayores a 5 m) y mareas vivas que provocaron retrocesos de mayor rango en la línea de costa

: Environmental control of the beaches of La Magdalena (Santander)

International audienceOn the embayed beaches of La Magdalena, located in the western mouth area of the estuarine Bay ofSantander, dredging sands were dumped from the 70s to increase the beach width. Until the year 2000, the sands were systematically nourished by suction dredger but they were later replaced by transfers with trucks from the western beach to the eastern ones and the mechanical redistribution to create artificial berms. A recent project aimed to solve the sand losses after each storm by building two breakwaters, the western one to retain the E-W sandy beach drift. The eastern breakwater was built in early summer of 2018, and wave storms in November 2018 and February 2019 have continued to dismantle the reconstructed upper beach areas and eroded with the same magnitude other segments where they previously retreated. Two field campaigns were carried out with laser TLS and GNNS, one after the storms in November 2018 and another in mid-March 2019 to have a database that will be complemented with future records after the summer of 2019, typical of calm periods. The first indicative results of a sandy loss are exposed, establishing a hypothesis of dynamo-sedimentary functioning.En las playas de La Magdalena, situadas en la bocana occidental de la bahía estuarina de Santander, se vertieron arenas de dragado desde los años 70 para incrementar su superficie. Hasta el año 2000, se aportaron sistemáticamente chuponas y, posteriormente, fueron sustituidas por trasvases desde la playa occiedntal a las orientales para su redistribución y la creación de mermas artificiales. Un proyecto actualizado asegura solucionar las pérdidas arenosas después de cada temporal mediante la construcción de dos diques, el occidental para retener el flujo arenoso por deriva de la playa E-O. Finalizado el oriental en el verano de 2018, los temporales de noviembre y febrero de 2019 han desmantelado las partes reconstruidas y erosionado con la misma magnitud los tramos donde anteriormente hubo retrocesos. Se cartografiaron las bermas y talud intermareal, y escarpes erosivos, incluyendo los afloramientos de piedras, y se realizaron dos campañas con equipos láser TLS y GNNS, una después de los temporales de primeros de noviembre de 2018 y otra a mediados marzo de 2019, cuya base de datos que se complementará con registros después del verano de 2019, en períodos de calma. Se exponen los primeros resultados indicativos de una pérdida arenosa, estableciendo una hipótesis de funcionamiento dinamo-sedimentario

Evolución histórica y actual de la línea de costa en la playa de Somo (Cantabria), mediante el empleo de la fotogrametría aérea y escáner láser terrestre.

Los trabajos topográficos llevados a cabo en la playa de Somo en el periodo 1988-1993 muestran ligeros cambios en la línea de costa. Para constatar estos cambios se ha estudiado el periodo 2001-2010 mediante fotogrametría, y desde el año 2011 se realizan dos mediciones anuales con láser escáner terrestre (TLS). Para este estudio, se ha seleccionado una porción de 400 metros en la playa de Somo, por coincidir con las mediciones del periodo 1988-1993. La aplicación de instrumentación geomática (GPS, estación total, TLS) y fotogrametría aérea ha permitido establecer dos grupos de periodos con comportamientos netamente diferentes. Un grupo donde no hay casi retroceso de la línea de costa arenosa: 1988-1993, 2001-2013, y otro grupo de retroceso acentuado: 1994-2000 y 2014. Este último año coincidieron temporales de grandes olas (mayores a 5 m) y mareas vivas que provocaron retrocesos de mayor rango en la línea de costa

Geomatics techniques applied to glaciers, rock glaciers, and ice patches in spain (1991–2012)

At present there is a wide variety of geomatic techniques available to determine the dynamics of glaciers, rock glaciers and ice patches. Between 1991 and 2012, different geomatic techniques – total station, global positioning system, close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner – were applied to monitor the movement of cryosphere landforms in the high mountains of the Iberian Peninsula. The applied techniques must be adapted to the dynamic conditions of cryospheric environments, and so there is no ideal general technique, and depending on the characteristics of the geomorphological structure to be studied, different geomatic techniques can be used. However, there are situations in which certain instruments cannot be used: global positioning system–real time kinematics shows difficulties when the presence of vertical walls cause a ‘multipath’ effect. The technique that provides the best results in each case must be chosen, although they can all give good results in measuring and monitoring geomorphological processes. This paper analyses the techniques used and results on vertical and horizontal changes of glaciers, rock glaciers and ice patches in the Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees and Picos de Europa, and differences among them by location and topoclimatic setting. All glaciers and rock glaciers show a thinning tendency and annual variations in the flow velocity. In addition to the specific dynamic analysis, the geomatic techniques can be used to detail scale and volume changes and perimeter of the analysed landforms.This work was funded by the projects CGL-2010-19729/BTE (Ministry of Science &26 Innovation and FEDER) and the projects OAPN 053/2010 and 018/2007 of Ministry of27 the Environment and Rural and Marine Environment. It also received funding from the28 Government of Extremadura and FEDER (file number GR10071

Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases.

&lt;p&gt;Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the major causes of infection-related cancer worldwide, as well as the causal factor in other diseases. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). Of the estimated 12.7 million new cancers occurring in 2008 worldwide, 4.8% were attributable to HPV infection, with substantially higher incidence and mortality rates seen in developing versus developed countries. In recent years, we have gained tremendous knowledge about HPVs and their interactions with host cells, tissues and the immune system; have validated and implemented strategies for safe and efficacious prophylactic vaccination against HPV infections; have developed increasingly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools for HPV detection for use in cervical cancer screening; and have substantially increased global awareness of HPV and its many associated diseases in women, men, and children. While these achievements exemplify the success of biomedical research in generating important public health interventions, they also generate new and daunting challenges: costs of HPV prevention and medical care, the implementation of what is technically possible, socio-political resistance to prevention opportunities, and the very wide ranges of national economic capabilities and health care systems. Gains and challenges faced in the quest for comprehensive control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers and other disease are summarized in this review. The information presented may be viewed in terms of a reframed paradigm of prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases that will include strategic combinations of at least four major components: 1) routine introduction of HPV vaccines to women in all countries, 2) extension and simplification of existing screening programs using HPV-based technology, 3) extension of adapted screening programs to developing populations, and 4) consideration of the broader spectrum of cancers and other diseases preventable by HPV vaccination in women, as well as in men. Despite the huge advances already achieved, there must be ongoing efforts including international advocacy to achieve widespread-optimally universal-implementation of HPV prevention strategies in both developed and developing countries. This article summarizes information from the chapters presented in a special ICO Monograph &#039;Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases&#039; Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012. Additional details on each subtopic and full information regarding the supporting literature references may be found in the original chapters.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Genome-wide association study of follicular lymphoma identifies a risk locus at 6p21.32

To identify susceptibility loci for non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes, we conducted a three-stage genome-wide association study. We identified two variants associated with follicular lymphoma at 6p21.32 (rs10484561, combined P = 1.12 × 10-29 and rs7755224, combined P = 2.00 × 10-19; r2 = 1.0), supporting the idea that major histocompatibility complex genetic variation influences follicular lymphoma susceptibility. We also found confirmatory evidence of a previously reported association between chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and rs735665 (combined P = 4.24 × 10-9). © 2010 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved