Sources of Nanoparticles

Nanoscience has become a worldwide multidisciplinary area on the basis of its unique physical and chemical traits, which have improved over the last few years. The atypical traits have given rise to diverse application in various domains of life. Solid particles are nanoparticles that have a dimension limit of 1–100 nm. Different sources are used to obtain nanoparticles via artificial synthesis using top-down and bottom-up processes and the environment via dust storms, anthropogenic, volcanic ash, and other natural processes. Lately, natural biogenic nanoparticles have become a popular subject matter due to their environmental and health gain. Nanomaterials can be created in natural world by employing a range of microorganisms, aquatic sources, and plants and can be produced in the laboratory. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles via plant- and microbe-mediated processes is an ecofriendly substitute to the high-cost, laborious, and probably toxic chemical and physical production method. This section discusses the different types of nanoparticles and their artificial and natural origins as well as categorization and biological synthesis using microbes, plants, and artificial procedures

Human Health Implications of Environmental Nanoparticles

The scientific world is beginning to give deeper cursory attention to nanoparticles because of their significant influence on the health of humans, especially in recent times. This chapter reports the nanoparticle interaction within the environment and also navigates the pathways through which humans get exposed. It strongly expresses the significant potential and influence of nanoparticles on human health. Further thought and basic multidisciplinary research work involving materials scientists, medical professionals, toxicologists, and environmental engineers are required to address the hazardous health effects and safety concerns of NPs. Chemical toxicity was taken into consideration throughout the invention and standardization of almost all toxicity assessment techniques. However, NPs have a number of distinctive physicochemical characteristics that may interfere with or present difficulties for conventional toxicity studies. In conclusion, unless the ambiguities surrounding destiny, transport, and toxicity are resolved, uses of NPs that include their direct introduction to the environment look to be problematic. Key findings generated from this chapter will be instrumental for further research or inquiry into issues linked with nanoparticles and their impact on human health within the context of the natural environment

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Triplex Infections (Combined Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus) among Pregnant Women in Nigeria

Objective. We systematically identified the prevalence of triplex infections (combined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)) in pregnancy. Methods. To gather information on the frequency of triplex infections, we searched the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Without regard to language, we utilized search terms that covered HIV, HBV, HCV, and pregnancy. Pregnant women with triplex infections of HIV, HBV, and HCV were included in studies that also examined the prevalence of triplex infections. Review Manager 5.4.1 was employed to conduct the meta-analysis. Critical appraisal and bias tool risk data were provided as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and I2 was used as the statistical measure of heterogeneity. The checklist was created by Hoy and colleagues. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, under the registration number CRD42020202583. Results. Eight studies involving 5314 women were included. We identified one ongoing study. Pooled prevalence of triplex infections was 0.03% (95% CI: 0.02–0.04%) according to meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significantly high prevalence of 0.08% (95% CI: 0.06–0.10%; 3863 women) in HIV-positive population than 0.00% (95% CI:−0.00-0.00; 1451 women; P<0.001) in general obstetric population. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the pooled prevalence between studies published between 2001 and 2010 and between 2011 and 2021 (0.14% (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.16 versus 0.03% (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.04%; P<0.001))) and participants recruited in the period between 2001 and 2011 and between 2012 and 2021 (0.13% (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.21; p=0.002 versus 0.00% (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.00%; p=1.00))), respectively. Conclusion. The combined prevalence of prenatal triplex infections was 0.03%, with rates notably higher among the group of pregnant women who were HIV-positive and during the recruitment period that took place before 2012. This prevalence still necessitates screening for these infections as necessary