The Comparison of Urinary Cadmium (UCd) and Urinary Lead (UPb) between 2007 and 2015 in a Population Living in a Zinc Contaminated Area

This paper compares urinary cadmium (UCd) and lead (UPb) between 2007 and 2015 in a population living in an area of zinc contamination and classified in terms of year, subdistrict, gender and gender broken down by age. A total of 441 participants from zinc contaminated areas gave urine samples in 2007 and again in 2015 for analysis of cadmium and lead concentrations. Urine was divided into 2 parts for: 1) cadmium and lead analysis by ICP-MS and 2) urinary creatinine (Cr) measurement by the modified Jaffe’s reaction method. The statistical analysis includes mean, frequency and percentage, paired t-test and ANOVA. The results show a statistically significant decrease in the urinary concentrations of cadmium and lead in 2015 compared to 2007 for: 1) all subdistricts, 2) year, 3) age group, 4) gender and 5) gender by age. The reduction was greater in gender by age of females than in that of males, but this was not statistically significant. The conclusion illustrates that UCd and UPb in terms of years, sub districts (Prathadpadeang, Mae Tao and Mae Ku), gender, and gender by age (a cross tabulation of gender and age) show a statistically significant decrease from 2007 to 2015

Knowledge Level and Consumption Behavior of Native Plants, Meats, and Drinking Waters with High Fluoride Concentrations about the Relation to the Potential Health Risk of Fluoride in Lamphun Province Thailand: A Case Study

Fluoride exposure from natural, agricultural, and industrial sources has harmed people living in fluoride-affected areas. Fluoride accumulates in the human body after being exposed to it through the food chain. The population consisted of 371 community health volunteers who were surveyed and chosen based on personal fluoride information. Only 39 residents were chosen to be interviewed and take part in the trial, which involved drinking fluoride-containing groundwater (>1.5 part per million: ppm) and urine testing that revealed urine fluoride level (>0.7 ppm). In addition, 47 biological samples and eight commercially bottled water specimens were examined. The information was gathered in four ways: (1) a questionnaire-based survey of fluoride knowledge, (2) food consumption behavior with locally grown vegetables, fruits, poultry, and meat, and commercially bottled water produced by groundwater in fluoride-affected areas, (3) a semi-food frequency questionnaire, and (4) fluoride content measurements using an ion-selective electrode. According to the analyses, the participants ranged in age from 51 to 60 years, with approximately 60.38% of them female and born and raised in polluted areas. The majority of subjects had a low level of fluoride knowledge (65.23%). The respondents’ primary source of drinking water (100.00%) was commercially bottled water; they chewed camellia sinensis 11.56% of the time (1 to 5 years) and they drank tea 9.16% of the time (during 1 to 5 years). Sus scrofa domesticus was responsible for the intake of vegetables and fruits, whereas Brassica chinensis, Jusl var para-chinensis (Bailey), and Tsen and Lee were responsible for the intake of poultry and animal flesh. They were all purchased at a local farm. The hazard quotient was greater than one, and the fluoride concentration (ppm) ranged between 75.00% (0.29–5.20), 57.14% (0.01–0.46), 88.89% (0.07–0.91), 100.00% (0.43–3.07), 100.00% (0.58–0.77), 42.86% (0.12–0.62 ppm.), 60.00% (0.11–1.44), and 33.33% (0.10–0.80) in drinking water, fruit, young and mature plants. Fluoride ingestion may pose a health concern. Under the 95th percentile condition, 74.47% consumed water with a high fluoride level, vegetables and fruits, and poultry and meats

“Four Joints of Power” Innovation of Community Involvement in Medical Waste Management of Bed-Bound Patients in Thailand

This study aims to encourage innovative participation in the management of medical waste by bedridden patients in the research region of Khon Sawan, Chaiaphum Province, through research and development. The steps were as follows: Phase 1: Study of bedridden patient waste management situations using the amount of waste generated through innovation with relatives, non-relatives, village health volunteers (VHVs), and community leaders. Phase 2: Developing creative waste management engagement requires two steps: (1) analyzing the problem or its cause and generating management alternatives through collaborative brainstorming with a community member and (2) gathering the thoughts and suggestions of a number of agency specialists. The outcome is a novel model of participation in waste management by bedridden patients termed “Four Joins of Power,” which includes (1) participatory activities and enhancing community knowledge and attitudes, and (2) providing information on the management of each type of waste. (3) cooperation in waste management (analytical thinking, planning, execution, etc.) and regulation by mutually agreed-upon rules. (4) joint expansion of the waste management network: Phase 3 is the innovation trial, and Phase 4 is the innovation assessment. The paired t-test was used to compare pre-and post-development knowledge and attitudes, and to conduct qualitative data analysis. In Phase 3, after implementing collaborative innovations, the average knowledge (X¯ = 13.23) and attitudes (X¯ = 4.14) regarding waste management increased considerably (p X¯ = 4.25 and X¯ = 4.27). Among the most collaborative participants, 93.50% were satisfied. To reduce the amount of waste that must be sorted and collected, it is necessary to emphasize the participation of people and networks from all sectors in the area through joint thinking, planning, and comprehensive analysis, to ensure the sustainability of waste management in the community