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Not AvailableIn India, sucking pests including leafhoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) cause considerable economic damage to okra cultivation. This study reports the results of field experiments evaluating the bioefficacy, phytotoxicity, and residue dynamics of sprays of flonicamid 50 WG in okra (Abelmoschus esculenta (L.) Moench) crops. Of three doses (50, 75, 100 g a.i ha−1) tested, applications at 75 g a.i ha−1 were equally effective in controlling both leafhoppers and whiteflies with a higher marketable fruit yield of okra under open field conditions. Flonicamid also reduced population of the pest by >85% when compared to untreated controls after three rounds of foliar application at an interval of 10 days. Applications of flonicamid 50 WG did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms. It was also safe to the natural enemies (spiders and rove beetles) prevailing in the okra ecosystem. Initial deposits of flonicamid in okra fruits when applied at the rate of 75 and 150 g a.i. ha−1 were dissipated with half-lives of 3.0 and 3.5 days. Recommendable pre-harvest intervals (PHI) are 16 and 20 days, respectively. The dietary exposure of the measured residues was lower than the maximum permissible intake (MPI) of 0.576 mg person−1 day−1 on all the sampling days at both the doses. These findings are useful in deciding the spray schedule of flonicamid for effective management of sucking pests in okra crop assuring food safety.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn India, sucking pests including leafhoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) cause considerable economic damage to okra cultivation. This study reports the results of field experiments evaluating the bioefficacy, phytotoxicity, and residue dynamics of sprays of flonicamid 50 WG in okra (Abelmoschus esculenta (L.) Moench) crops. Of three doses (50, 75, 100 g a.i ha-1) tested, applications at 75 g a.i ha-1 were equally effective in controlling both leafhoppers and whiteflies with a higher marketable fruit yield of okra under open field conditions. Flonicamid also reduced population of the pest by >85% when compared to untreated controls after three rounds of foliar application at an interval of 10 days. Applications of flonicamid 50 WG did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms. It was also safe to the natural enemies (spiders and rove beetles) prevailing in the okra ecosystem. Initial deposits of flonicamid in okra fruits when applied at the rate of 75 and 150 g a.i. ha-1 were dissipated with half-lives of 3.0 and 3.5 days. Recommendable pre-harvest intervals (PHI) are 16 and 20 days, respectively. The dietary exposure of the measured residues was lower than the maximum permissible intake (MPI) of 0.576 mg person-1 day-1 on all the sampling days at both the doses. These findings are useful in deciding the spray schedule of flonicamid for effective management of sucking pests in okra crop assuring food safety.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableDissipation behavior and degradation kinetics of fenamidone + mancozeb (Sectin 60 WG) and iprovalicarb + propineb (Melody Duo 66.75 WP) in tomato were studied at recommended dose (RD) and double dose (DD) of application. The analysis of the field samples were carried out by employing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for fenamidone and iprovalicarb residues and gas chromatography mass spectrometry for mancozeb and propineb residues after thorough validation of the extraction methods. The dissipation of residues best followed 1st + 1st order for all the test fungicides. The half-life period for fenamidone, mancozeb, iprovalicarb and propineb were 2, 2, 1.5 and 2 days for RD and 3, 2.5, 2 and 3 days for DD, respectively. The pre-harvest intervals were not applicable for iprovalicarb, fenamidone and mancozeb (at RD) as the residues at 0 day were below maximum residue limit set by European Union, and it was 1 day for DD of iprovalicarb, 3.5 days for DD of fenamidone, 3 days for DD of mancozeb, 3 and 7 days for propineb at RD and DD, respectively. A PHI of 4 and 7 days are proposed for fenamidone + Mancozeb and iprovalicarb + propineb, respectively. Dietary exposure calculated for all the pesticides were safe on all the sampling days except for propineb residues for which it was safe after first day of the double dose application. The study will be useful for promoting effective residue management and safe use of these chemicals for controlling fungal diseases in tomato crop.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableField bioefficacy, phytotoxicity and residue dynamics of  the insecticide flonicamid 50 WG in okra Abelmoschus esculenta (L) MoenchNot Availabl

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Not AvailableCabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is a leafy vegetable grown as an annual crop in India. It comprised about 5.5% of the total vegetable production in the country with production of 9.04 MT from an approximate cultivated area of 0.04 million hectare [1]. The vegetable is consumed either as raw salad or by steaming or cooking it. It is an excellent source of vitamin B6, C and K and play an important role in lowering the blood cholesterol levels [2]. Export of cabbage from India has been showing an increasing trend since last few years, with major export destination being Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal [1]. The sustainable production of cabbage is severely affected by leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., both in India as well as in the global paradigm and the extent of damage is assessed to be around 3.1 to 70.0% [3, 4]. Lack of effective resistance genes in cabbage has limited the efficacy of resistance breeding in management of leaf spot disease [5] and hence chemical interventions via fungicides became the major arsenal to combat the disease. Several conventional fungicides have been recommended for the purpose [6, 7] but, limited control of the disease, resistance and environmental issues have brought to the fore the mandate to search for new and safer fungicides. This study was envisaged for evaluating the bioefficacy, understanding the residue dynamics, and assessing the safety of a combination fungicide involving methoxyimino acetate strobilurin compound viz. trifloxystrobin (methyl (E) - methoxyimino - [(E) - α - [1 - (α,α,α - trifluoro - mtolyl) ethylideneaminooxy] - o - tolyl]acetate) and a triazole compound viz. tebuconazole (1 - (4 - Chlorophenyl) - 4,4 - dimethyl - 3 - (1,2,4 - triazol - 1 - ylmethyl)pentan - 3 - ol) for two consecutive seasons against the leaf spot disease of cabbage. The residue dissipation behavior of these chemicals in the field conditions was also investigated to evaluate consumer safety. These chemicals do not have recommended pre - harvest intervals (PHIs) for cabbage due to lack of information regarding their residue dissipation kinetics under field conditions. This might result in apprehension of food safety issues associated with their usage for domestic consumption as well as export. To ensure food safety to the consumers, the residues of these chemicals in the European Union (EU) are regulated at the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 1.0 mg Kg - 1for tebuconazole and 0.5 mg Kg - 1for trifloxystrobin [8] and hence it is of profound importance to establish their individual PHI so as to minimize accumulation of their residues below the respective MRLs at the stage of harvest there by to ensure smooth trade and consumer safety.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA sensitive and accurate LC with tandem MS (MS/MS)-based method was developed and validated for the analysis of the herbicide glyphosate, its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) in various plant matrixes. The method also covers direct analysis of the glufosinate metabolites 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-MPPA) and N-acetyl-glufosinate (NAG). The homogenized samples were extracted with 0.1% formic acid in water–dichloromethane (50 + 50). The aqueous layer was derivatized with FMOC-Cl, cleaned through an HLB SPE cartridge, and determined by LC-MS/MS. The sample size, extraction solvent, sample-to-solvent ratio, derivatization conditions, and cleanup procedure were thoroughly optimized, the LOQs of glyphosate, glufosinate, and AMPA were 0.5 ng/g in grape, corn (leaf and seed), and cotton (leaf, seed, and oil) and 2 ng/g in soybean and tea. The LOQs of NAG and 3-MPPA were 50 ng/g in all the test matrixes, except tea and soybean, for which the LOQ was 100 ng/g. In all cases, average recoveries were >80%. The method successfully performed the estimation of glyphosate in incurred corn and cotton leaf samples collected from supervised field trials.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA residue analysis method was validated for trace level estimation of pyraclostrobin by liquid chromatography– mass spectrometry and metiram (analyzed as CS2) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in grapes and raisin matrix. Dissipation of their residues and processing factors (PFs) during raisin making were evaluated through field studies with applications at single dose (SD) and double dose (DD). Residue data during drying process were best fitted to first+first order kinetics model giving half-life ranging between 6 and 7 days for pyroclostrobin and 4 days for metiram. PFs for metiram and pyraclostrobin related to washing and oil dipping were 0.47 and 0.41, and 0.78 and 0.63 at single dose (SD) and double dose (DD), respectively. PF value of >1 for drying (1.01 and 1.31 for metiram and 1.34 and 1.10 for pyraclostrobin) indicates concentration of the residues during the drying process. The dietary exposure corresponding to average daily consumption of 0.0043 kg raisin per day on each sampling day was less than the respective maximum permissible intake at both the doses.Not Availabl