The integration of play into the first-grade Language Arts curriculum for English language learners

The research question addressed in this project was, can the integration of play and games with rules into the first-grade Language Arts curriculum improve the oral speaking and reading skills for English language learners? To investigate the answer to that question, I studied how a child’s first language develops. For children who learn a second language, Krashen’s models were utilized in learning how a second language is acquired. Play and games with rules are defined. Looking primarily to Piaget and Vigotsky, I learned about the development of the child, play, games with rules and how a child learns through play. The development of literacy was explored. When designing curriculum, the development of the child has to be taken into consideration. Lastly, looking to the model formulated by Wiggins & McTighe, I designed a curriculum that integrates games with rules and play into the first-grade language arts curriculum for English language learners

Inégalités sociales de mortalité au-delà de 65 ans. Le cas de la Belgique

RésuméLes inégalités sociales de mortalité au-delà de 65 ans sont une problématique importante dans le contexte actuel de vieillissement de la population, d’augmentation de l’espérance de vie et de politiques visant à augmenter l’âge légal de départ à la retraite. Cet article pose trois questions : les inégalités sociales face à la mort, très présentes aux âges actifs, se maintiennent-elles durant la vieillesse ? Comment ont-elles évolué au cours de ces dernières décennies ? Quel est le rôle de l’état de santé sur le différentiel social de mortalité aux âges élevés ? Nous utiliserons une base de données appariant les informations du Registre national (1991-2016) avec celles des recensements de la population de 1991, 2001 et 2011. Des tables de mortalité par groupe social et état de santé subjectif ont été calculées et nous aurons aussi recours à des modèles de régression logistique. Les résultats montrent qu’au-delà de 65 ans, les inégalités sociales face à la mort sont importantes et ont même augmenté aux cours des 25 dernières années. En contrôlant l’état de santé, des différences de mortalité subsistent entre les groupes sociaux mais varient en importance en fonction du gradient social. Les plus âgés doivent donc faire l’objet d’une attention particulière, non seulement parce qu’il s’agit d’une population intrinsèquement plus fragile mais aussi parce que leurs effectifs croissent. Il s’agit là d’un défi actuel et futur majeur de santé publique.AbstractSocial inequalities in mortality beyond the age of 65 are an important issue in the current context of population ageing, increased life expectancy and policies aimed at extending the legal retirement age. This article asks three questions: do social inequalities in the face of death, which are very present at working ages, continue in old age? How have they evolved over the last few decades? What is the role of health status on the social differential in mortality at advanced ages? We will use a database matching information from the National Register (1991-2016) with information from the 1991, 2001 and 2011 population censuses. Mortality tables by social group and subjective health status have been calculated. We also use logistic regression models. The results show that social inequalities in the face of death beyond the age of 65 are significant and have even increased over the last 25 years. Controlling for health status, mortality differences remain between social groups but vary in magnitude along the social gradient. The elderly therefore need specialattention, not only because they are an inherently more fragile population, but also because their numbers are increasing. This is a major current and future public health challenge.

The blood–brain barrier significantly limits eflornithine entry into Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mouse brain1

Drugs to treat African trypanosomiasis are toxic, expensive and subject to parasite resistance. New drugs are urgently being sought. Although the existing drug, eflornithine, is assumed to reach the brain in high concentrations, little is known about how it crosses the healthy and infected blood–brain barrier. This information is essential for the design of drug combinations and new drugs. This study used novel combinations of animal models to address these omissions. Eflornithine crossed the healthy blood–CNS interfaces poorly, but this could be improved by co-administering suramin, but not nifurtimox, pentamidine or melarsoprol. Work using a murine model of sleeping sickness demonstrated that Trypanosoma brucei brucei crossed the blood–CNS interfaces, which remained functional, early in the course of infection. Concentrations of brain parasites increased during the infection and this resulted in detectable blood–brain barrier, but not choroid plexus, dysfunction at day 28 post-infection with resultant increases in eflornithine brain delivery. Barrier integrity was never restored and the animals died at day 37.9 ± 1.2. This study indicates why an intensive treatment regimen of eflornithine is required (poor blood–brain barrier penetration) and suggests a possible remedy (combining eflornithine with suramin). The blood–brain barrier retains functionality until a late, possibly terminal stage, of trypanosoma infection

ZAP: The role of routine surveillance data in understanding the geography and timing of Salmonella on UK pig farms.

The Zoonoses Action Plan (ZAP), at its inception m 2002, sought to reduce prevalence of Salmonella mfection 1n quality assured p1gs at slaughter by 25% within three years. Salmonella levels are monitored by Meat Juice ELISA tests on samples from individual pigs and aggregated to indicate farm-level Salmonella status. By combining the ZAP scheme and quality assurance scheme datasets we generated a large geographically referenced data set which allows us to investigate aspects of the spatial and temporal epidemiology of Salmonella on GB pig farms. We seek in this study to address two questions. First, is there evidence that Salmonella in GB pigs vanes seasonally? Secondly, do close farms tend to have similar levels of Salmonella? We suggest explanations for spatial and temporal effects where evidenced. Knowledge of seasons or GB regions which have atypically high Salmonella risk informs the design of control strategies

Quels territoires de santé gérontologique pour repenser l’adéquation entre offre et besoins d’aides en Wallonie ?

Le vieillissement des populations fait aujourd’hui partie des défis à assumer par les autorités locales et supra-locales. D’après les projections de population, les effets de ce processus risquent même à terme de durcir le débat. Mais les évolutions globales masquent de réelles disparités locales. En Wallonie, l’une des régions administratives de la Belgique avec la Flandre et Bruxelles, il existe d’importantes disparités entre les communes, notamment en ce qui concerne l’ampleur du vieillissement des populations, leur isolement, leur état de santé, mais également la disponibilité d’aides, de soins et de services. C’est sur base de ces constats que cet article a été rédigé, en vue de fournir une réponse à la question de recherche suivante : comment l’offre de soins, de services et d’aides varie-t-elle spatialement et s’adapte-t-elle, ou non, aux besoins des populations âgées ? Plus largement, cet article vise à nourrir la discussion relative à l’existence de bassins ou territoires de santé gérontologique.Today, population aging is one of the most important challenges for local, regional, and national authorities. The consequences of population ageing for elderly care as foreseen by population projections may lead to tense debates in the future. However, global evolutions tend to hide local disparities. Wallonia, one of the Belgian administrative regions along with Flanders and Brussels, shows significant disparities between municipalities particularly as regards to the extent of population aging, the isolation and health of elderly people, and also the availability of care, support and services for the elderly. This paper aims to provide an answer to the following research questions: how does the provision of care, support and services vary across Walloon municipalities? How is it compatible with elderly needs? More broadly, this article aims to stimulate discussion about the existence of gerontological health territories. Data used for this article come from different sources depending on their availability at the local level (National Register, national institute for health insurance, mutual insurance system, etc.). Elderly needs are estimated from local age structures, health indicators, social characteristics and isolation of the elderlies. We also use the availability of formal and informal support to estimate elderly care supply. Our methodology attributes two scores for each Walloon municipality: one for needs and one for care supply. We compare local situations to the regional average level on a scale from 1 to 3 (“1” for higher supply than needed for of older people; “3” for higher needs than available services can provide; “2” refers to the mean score for Wallonia) – See map below-. According to our analysis the care supply does not meet everywhere the needs of the elderlies. Several dichotomies are observed in Wallonia mainly between the north and the south of the region but also between urban, suburban, and rural areas. Walloon Brabant and the South of the province of Luxembourg are areas where needs are low and/or supply is higher than in the rest of the Wallonia. On the contrary, the South of the Wallonia is mainly rural where needs are higher than elsewhere. To note, these areas are attractive for the elderly who migrates after leaving the labor market. Despite higher needs, those rural areas are geographically isolated and the gap between elderly care supply and needs is more important than elsewhere. This is also the case for municipalities in former industrial areas. There, the gap is mainly explained by higher fragility of older people that sometimes hold concomitantly bad health and poor socioeconomic conditions

Diversités démographiques et migrations résidentielles dans les espaces ruraux en Wallonie (Belgique)

Sur base d’un ensemble d’indicateurs sociaux, économiques, environnementaux… et en utilisant des méthodes statistiques d’analyse en composantes principales et de classification, six types d’espaces ruraux ont pu être distingués en Wallonie. L’objectif était de vérifier si ces types d’espaces ruraux présentent des paramètres et des dynamiques démographiques particuliers. Les résultats ont démontré que l’univers rural wallon est marqué par la diversité des caractéristiques (répartition par âge, structure des ménages) et des comportements (mortalité, fécondité, migrations) démographiques. Certaines différences significatives, en termes de longévité ou encore d’importance relative de ménages monoparentaux, reflètent des inégalités sociales importantes et souvent insoupçonnées. Les migrations constituent le moteur de la démographie locale. Elles contribuent très largement à la croissance de la population des espaces ruraux wallons et, par leur sélectivité selon l’âge et le type de ménage, elles renforcent les contrastes sociodémographiques entre ceux-ci.On a basis of a set of social, economic and environmental indicators, and by using multivariate analysis, six types of rural spaces have been distinguished in Wallonia. The objective was to check if these types of rural spaces convey particular demographic profiles and trends. The results show indeed that the Walloon rural area is rather heterogeneous as regards characteristics such as age and household distributions; and demographic behaviours (mortality, fertility, migrations). Some significant differences, in terms of longevity or from the relatively high proportion of single-parent households, reflect important and often unsuspected social disparities. This paper also demonstrates that on local scale, and in a context of land pressure with saturated real estate markets, migrations contribute to increase stronger social and demographic disparities within rural areas in Wallonia