Intrapreneurship; Conceptualizing entrepreneurial employee behaviour

This paper discusses the similarities and differences between intrapreneurship and independent entrepreneurship. Most but not all of the activities and behavioural aspects of the latter are also typical of the former phenomenon. Key differential elements of independent entrepreneurship are the investment of personal financial means and the related financial risk taking, a higher degree of autonomy, and legal and fiscal aspects of establishing a new independent business. Based on this discussion an integral conceptual model of intrapreneurial behaviour is presented. The paper closes with conclusions.

Entrepreneurship at Country Level : Economic and Non-Economic Determinants

This book investigates the rate of occupational entrepreneurship at country level, either measured by the number of business owners as a percentage of the labor force, or by some metric of the dynamics of entrepreneurship such as 'nascent entrepreneurship' and new business start-ups. Historical case studies set the stage for a multidisciplinary framework for explaining the rate of entrepreneurship. Based upon several strands of literature, this framework is built around an occupational choice model while linking the individual, the firm and the aggregate level. Technological, economic, demographic, cultural and institutional factors act as entrepreneurial framework conditions. In addition, feedback mechanisms are elaborated. Empirical investigations carried out against the background of this framework show that dissatisfaction, uncertainty avoidance and social security entitlements affect the rate of entrepreneurship. In addition, either a negative or a U-shaped influence of the level of economic development is found, while dummy variables for recent decades suggest a positive impact of global trends such as the ICT revolution, deregulation and the onset of a 'network economy'.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2008 The Netherlands

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is a research program executed annually with the aim to obtain internationally comparative high quality research data on entrepreneurial activity at the national level. Over the years, GEM has expanded from 10 countries in 1999 to 43 countries in 2008. In this report, we focus specifically on entrepreneurial attitudes, activity and aspirations in the Netherlands. Hereby, we follow the entrepreneurial engagement ladder, consisting of latent entrepreneurship, earlystage entrepreneurial activity, established business activity and entrepreneurial exits. In order to measure earlystage entrepreneurial activity in a country, GEM developed the Total earlystage Entrepreneurial Activity rate. This rate includes both the prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs and that of owner-managers of young or new businesses. The group of nascent entrepreneurs refers to individuals within the adult population who are actively involved in their own new firm start-up, as full or part owner. The GEM data collection covers the complete life cycle of the entrepreneurial process. This cycle starts with personal assessments of attitudes and perceptions towards entrepreneurship. The life cycle continues with individuals who have the intention to start a business within the next three years (pre-nascent or prospective entrepreneurs). Next, the cycle refers to individuals at the point when they commit resources to start a business they expect to own themselves (nascent entrepreneurs), when they currently own and manage a new business that has paid salaries for more than three months but not more than 42 months (new business owners), and when they own and manage an established business that has been in operation for more than 42 months (established business owners). The aggregate of nascent entrepreneurship and young/new business entrepreneurship forms the TEA.

Scanning the future of entrepreneurship: a scenario analysis for The Netherlands

Verkenning van de mogelijkheden om het aantal zelfstandige ondernemingen te verklaren via een empirisch model. Met een dergelijk model kunnen tevens scenario’s gemaakt worden voor de toekomstige ontwikkeling van het aantal ondernemingen in Nederland. Enkele modellen worden stap voor stap opgebouwd. Het model dat gebruikt wordt voor de scenarioanalyse verklaart het aantal ondernemingen, toe- en uittreding uit economische en demografische variabelen en de afwijking van het veronderstelde evenwichtsniveau van het aantal ondernemingen. Dit evenwichtsniveau voor Nederland volgt uit een andere EIM-studie 'Business Ownership and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation' (bestelnummer H9809) waarbij gegevens uit 23 OESO-landen gebruikt zijn. De modellen laten zien dat de spectaculaire stijging van het aantal ondernemers in het afgelopen decennium in Nederland mede toegeschreven kan worden aan een inhaalslag op de achterstand die Nederland had ten opzichte van het veronderstelde evenwichtsniveau. Voor de nabije toekomst wordt een verdere stijging van het percentage ondernemers in de beroepsbevolking verwacht, maar deze groei zal minder sterk zijn dan in het recente verleden. In het model is - naast het afgenomen effect van de inhaalslag - ook de vergrijzing een belangrijke oorzaak van deze afnemende groei.

Intrapreneurship - An international study

This paper presents the results of a novel international study of intrapreneurship ( i.e., employees developing new business activities for their employer), carried out in eleven countries in the framework of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. At the individual level, it is found that intrapreneurs are much more likely to have intentions to start a new independent business than other employees. However, at the macro level�the study finds a negative correlation between intrapreneurship and independent entrepreneurship. One explanation for these contrasting outcomes is�a diverging effect of per capita income on intrapreneurship (positive effect) and early-stage entrepreneurial activity (negative effect). �

Entrepreneurship and economic performance: a macro perspective

The present paper provides a theoretical framework of the relationship between the rate of entrepreneurship and national economic performance. The first part deals with some aspects of the recent economics literature on the relation between entrepreneurship and small business on the one hand, and economic growth on the other. In particular, it gives a summary of some work of the EIM/CASBEC research group in The Netherlands. In the second part, a framework is presented linking entrepreneurship and growth�to different levels of aggregation. The last part of the paper illustrates the framework with some historical case studies. The present paper supplements Wennekers, Uhlaner and Thurik (2002)�and is concerned with the causes of the rate of entrepreneurship.

Self-employment in 23 OECD countries

Studie naar de invloed van culturele en economische verschillen in het niveau van zelfstandig ondernemerschap in meer dan twintig Westerse landen en Japan in de periode 1974-1994. Ontevredenheid met de maatschappij en met het leven in het algemeen is een beslissende factor voor een hoger percentage zelfstandigen in een land.

Entrepreneurial Culture as Determinant of Nascent Entrepreneurship

This paper develops indicators for entrepreneurial culture and investigates their effect on the rate of nascent entrepreneurship. We choose three measures from the World Value Survey. These include two desired job characteristics, i.e. the opportunity to use initiative and the possibility to achieve something, as well as an indicator of internal locus of control as our indicators for entrepreneurial culture. Controlling for economic, institutional and demographic determinants of nascent entrepreneurship we find a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial culture and nascent entrepreneurship.

Early-stage entrepreneurial activity in the European Union: some issues and challenges

In this paper the authors present the levels of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) across 16 Member States of the European Union participating in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM - 2004 research 2). They also compare the average TEA rate for these 16 EU-countries participating in GEM with the average for some other OECD-countries, further referred to as 'Anglo'-countries: the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Next, they relate the striking differences in TEA across countries to underlying cultural and institutional differences. And also they examine some other current issues associated with entrepreneurial activity in Europe, such as ageing of the population, and technology-based start-ups.

Entrepreneurial Attitudes Versus Entrepreneurial Activities (GEM)

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) investigates early-stage entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial framework conditions in an international perspective. The present report investigates the level and development of early-stage entrepreneurial activity in the Netherlands, in global and OECD perspective. Attitudes towards entrepreneurship and characteristics of Dutch individuals involved in early-stage entrepreneurial activities are also assessed. We find that despite all efforts made in the past two decades to stimulate entrepreneurship in the Netherlands, the numbers of start-up efforts are quite low in international perspective, although attitudes to entrepreneurship are positive. In this 2003 GEM study special attention is paid to Dutch informal investments. Similar to the level of early-stage entrepreneurial activity, the informal market in the Netherlands appears to be poorly developed.