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    Exploring the Behaviour of Parties in Parliamentary Debates over Chinese Human Rights

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์™ธ๊ตํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด์˜ฅ์—ฐ.๊ตญ์ œ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์–ธ์ด ์ œ์ •๋œ ์ง€ 70์—ฌ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ค€์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์›…ํ˜ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ธ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ์ด์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ฐ ์ •๋‹น์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์›…ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ํšŒ ์งˆ์˜(PQ)์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ •๋‹น ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ •๋‹น์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์ •๋‹น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์•ผ๋‹น์€ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.More than 70 years after the enactment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) the topic of human rights remains one of tension in international relations. Countries are trying to find a compromise between complying with human rights and economic benefits in foreign policy. As a traditional human rights advocate, the Netherlands has experienced what happens if they fail to do so as it suffered political retribution from China in the 1990s. Due to the tension between adherence to ideals and economic considerations not all parties may evaluate them equally. This study aims at analysing party level differences between their focus on human rights when raising China-related issues and party responses to changes in Dutch Chinese-human rights policies. Through analyses based on party behaviour theories regarding parliamentary questions (PQ) and theories regarding the Western perceptions of Chinas rise this study concludes that parties have dissimilar motivations for their behaviour. Christian Parties were shown to utilize human rights as a political tool. These parties did so by focusing on only the religious freedom of Christians in parliamentary debates, whereas other parties also focused on other human rights concerns. Coalition parties were found to decrease their adherence to human rights as relations with China became more complex and multifaceted. Finally, opposition parties were found to react to issues of salience and changes in human rights policies presented by coalition governments.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background 1.2 Purpose of Research 1.3 Confessionalism in Dutch politics 1.4 Thesis Outline 2. On When parties question Ministers 12 2.1 Parliamentary questioning theories 2.1.1 Electoral tool theory 2.1.2 Control tool theory 2.1.3 Constituency oriented behaviour theory 2.1.4 Agenda-setting theory 2.2 Human Rights and party behaviour 3. Policy periods in Dutch-China Relations 27 3.1 Development and changes of human rights policies 3.2 From paper to practice: Dutch China-policies over time 3.3 Conclusion 4. Methodological Framework 53 4.1 Data selection 4.2 Variables: Selection and internationalization 4.3 Missing data 5. Party Politics and human rights PQs 65 5.1 Observations of PQ data 5.2 Results and theoretical implications 5.3 Conclusion 6. Government actions and party behaviour 79 6.1 Variations in PQs over time 6.2 Party behaviour in regards to the Olympics in Beijing 6.3 Party behaviour during Uri Rosenthal's policy changes 7. Conclusion 93 Bibliography 97 Appendix 115 Abstract in Korean (๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์š”์•ฝ) 121Maste
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