Procjena korištenja zemljišta i preobrazbe zemljišnog pokrova i urbane dinamike koristeći viševremenske satelitske podatke

Assessment of Land use and land cover (LULC) transformations at different spatial levels is crucial in several areas, including protection of the environment, resource utilization, planning and sustainability. The present work is an attempt to carry out a detailed study of LULC transformations and to analyze urban areas in Srinagar city (India) using multi-temporal Landsat satellite data for the year 1995 to 2019. Seven different LULC classes were delineated for the selected periods by a supervised method using maximum likelihood classifier algorithm in ERDAS Imagine 14. The findings indicate that over the specified periods substantial changes have occurred in terms of LULC. Overall seven categories were identified and, throughout studies, three trends of LULC change were observed (1) continuous expansion of the area under the class of built-up, barren, horticulture (2) agriculture, water and marshy class are continuously decreasing (3) increase (1995–2010) and decrease (2010–2019) in forest classes between two periods. During the study period, in built-up (+), horticulture (+), agriculture (–) water (–) and marshes (–) most significant changes have been observed, referencing to change in percentage within each class, the maximum variability was observed in built-up (148.07%), horticulture (40.87%), marshes (–58.37%), water (–22%) and agriculture (–35.38%). For quantitative assessment changes Land Consumption Rate (LCR) and Land Absorption Coefficient (LAC) were introduced. The overall research scenario shows that the LULC transition in the city is very evident. The rapid change of LULC in the ecologically sensitive Srinagar city is driven mainly by anthropogenic sources and has a negative environmental influence.Procjena korištenja zemljišta i preobrazbe zemljišnog pokrova (LULC) na različitim prostornim razinama važna je u nekoliko područja uključujući zaštitu okoliša, iskorištavanje prirodnih izvora, planiranje i održivost. U ovom radu pokušava se provesti detaljna studija LULC preobrazbi i analizirati urbana područja u gradu Srinagar (Indija) koristeći viševremenske satelitske podatke Landsat za razdoblje od 1995. do 2019. godine. Iscrtano je sedam različitih LULC klasa za odabrano razdoblje uz pomoć nadzirane metode koristeći algoritam klasifikatora najveće vjerojatnosti u ERDAS Imagine 14. Rezultati ukazuju na to da su se u određenim razdobljima dogodile znatne promjene u smislu LULC-a. Svih sedam kategorija je identificirano te su kroz studije promatrana tri trenda izmjene LULC-a (1) stalno širenje područja u klasi izgrađenosti, neplodnosti, hortikulture (2) poljoprivreda, vode i močvarno tlo se stalno smanjuju (3) porast (1995–2010) i smanjenje (2010–2019) u klasi šuma između dva razdoblja. Tijekom razdoblja provođenja studije, u klasi izgrađenosti (+), hortikulture (+), poljoprivrede (–) voda (–) i močvarnog tla (–) opažene su najznačajnije promjene izražene u postocima unutar svake klase, najveća varijabilnost je uočena u klasi izgrađenosti (148,07%), hortikulture (40,87%), močvarnog tla (–58,37%), vode (–22%) i poljoprivrede (–35,38%). U svrhu kvantitativne procjene promjena uvedene su stopa korištenja zemljišta (LCR) i koeficijent apsorpcije zemljišta (LAC). Sveukupan istraživački scenarij pokazuje da je LULC tranzicija u gradu vrlo očita. Brze izmjene LULC-a u ekološki osjetljivom gradu Srinagaru vođene su uglavnom antropogenim izvorima te imaju negativan utjecaj na okoliš

Procjena korištenja zemljišta i preobrazbe zemljišnog pokrova i urbane dinamike koristeći viševremenske satelitske podatke

Assessment of Land use and land cover (LULC) transformations at different spatial levels is crucial in several areas, including protection of the environment, resource utilization, planning and sustainability. The present work is an attempt to carry out a detailed study of LULC transformations and to analyze urban areas in Srinagar city (India) using multi-temporal Landsat satellite data for the year 1995 to 2019. Seven different LULC classes were delineated for the selected periods by a supervised method using maximum likelihood classifier algorithm in ERDAS Imagine 14. The findings indicate that over the specified periods substantial changes have occurred in terms of LULC. Overall seven categories were identified and, throughout studies, three trends of LULC change were observed (1) continuous expansion of the area under the class of built-up, barren, horticulture (2) agriculture, water and marshy class are continuously decreasing (3) increase (1995–2010) and decrease (2010–2019) in forest classes between two periods. During the study period, in built-up (+), horticulture (+), agriculture (–) water (–) and marshes (–) most significant changes have been observed, referencing to change in percentage within each class, the maximum variability was observed in built-up (148.07%), horticulture (40.87%), marshes (–58.37%), water (–22%) and agriculture (–35.38%). For quantitative assessment changes Land Consumption Rate (LCR) and Land Absorption Coefficient (LAC) were introduced. The overall research scenario shows that the LULC transition in the city is very evident. The rapid change of LULC in the ecologically sensitive Srinagar city is driven mainly by anthropogenic sources and has a negative environmental influence.Procjena korištenja zemljišta i preobrazbe zemljišnog pokrova (LULC) na različitim prostornim razinama važna je u nekoliko područja uključujući zaštitu okoliša, iskorištavanje prirodnih izvora, planiranje i održivost. U ovom radu pokušava se provesti detaljna studija LULC preobrazbi i analizirati urbana područja u gradu Srinagar (Indija) koristeći viševremenske satelitske podatke Landsat za razdoblje od 1995. do 2019. godine. Iscrtano je sedam različitih LULC klasa za odabrano razdoblje uz pomoć nadzirane metode koristeći algoritam klasifikatora najveće vjerojatnosti u ERDAS Imagine 14. Rezultati ukazuju na to da su se u određenim razdobljima dogodile znatne promjene u smislu LULC-a. Svih sedam kategorija je identificirano te su kroz studije promatrana tri trenda izmjene LULC-a (1) stalno širenje područja u klasi izgrađenosti, neplodnosti, hortikulture (2) poljoprivreda, vode i močvarno tlo se stalno smanjuju (3) porast (1995–2010) i smanjenje (2010–2019) u klasi šuma između dva razdoblja. Tijekom razdoblja provođenja studije, u klasi izgrađenosti (+), hortikulture (+), poljoprivrede (–) voda (–) i močvarnog tla (–) opažene su najznačajnije promjene izražene u postocima unutar svake klase, najveća varijabilnost je uočena u klasi izgrađenosti (148,07%), hortikulture (40,87%), močvarnog tla (–58,37%), vode (–22%) i poljoprivrede (–35,38%). U svrhu kvantitativne procjene promjena uvedene su stopa korištenja zemljišta (LCR) i koeficijent apsorpcije zemljišta (LAC). Sveukupan istraživački scenarij pokazuje da je LULC tranzicija u gradu vrlo očita. Brze izmjene LULC-a u ekološki osjetljivom gradu Srinagaru vođene su uglavnom antropogenim izvorima te imaju negativan utjecaj na okoliš

STATISTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND RESPONSE SURFACE ANALYSIS OF NEFOPAM HYDROCHLORIDE NANOSPHERES USING 35 BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN

Objective: Objective of the current investigation was to analyze effects of operating conditions on characteristics of nefopam hydrochloride nanospheres (NFH-NS). Statistical assessment and diagnostic analysis examined an adequacy and reliability of models.Methods: NFH-NS were developed by quasi solvent diffusion technique using poly (meth) acrylates by 35 Box-Behnken design. Drug: polymer ratio (X1), surfactant concentration (X2), stirring time (X3), DP/CP Ratio (X4) and stirring speed (X5) were selected as independent variables. Response variables investigated were % entrapment efficiency (% EE), mean particle size, % process yield and % drug loading (% DL).Results: Standardized Pareto chart illustrated that X1 and X5 were important factors (p<0.05) affecting response parameters of nanospheres. Significant model F-value (p<0.05) and non-significant lack of fit F-value (p>0.05) epitomized an accuracy of data. Smaller value of predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS) for regression models stipulated good fit of models. Diagnostic analysis proved normality of data and signified that actual values of response parameters were in agreement with predicted values. Graphical analysis concluded that X1, X2, X4 and X5 had the significant positive effect on % EE. X1 and X5 produced remarkable synergistic and antagonistic effect on mean particle size, respectively. X1 and X5 exhibited positive effect on % process yield. X1 produced significant antagonistic effect on % DL.Conclusion: Optimization report concluded that formulation prepared with 1:3 drug: polymer ratio (w/w), 2 % (w/v) surfactant, 3.8 h stirring time, 1:12 DP/CP ratio and 2000 rpm stirring speed was having highest desirability function of 0.920. Regression models indicated good fit of model, adequate model discrimination and concluded that models can be used to navigate design space.Â

The Risk of Adverse Cardiac and Bleeding Events Following Noncardiac Surgery Relative to Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Prior Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Noncardiac surgery (NCS) may be required within the first year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in approximately 4% of patients and is the second most common reason for premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (APT),which may, in turn, increase the risk of perioperative ischemic events, particularly stent thrombosis. Its continuation may increase the risk of perioperative bleeding. We review current information on the incidence of these events, particularly related to APT, describe potentially useful strategies to minimize the risks of adverse outcomes, and provide recommendations on APT use

Customized ocular prosthesis: A case report

The eye is a vital organ and an important component of facial expression. Loss of an eye has a crippling effect on the psychology of the patient. Enucleation of the eye is therefore normally followed by fabrication of an ocular prosthesis to improve esthetics. This article describes a technique of rehabilitation of a patient with missing the left eye with custom-made ocular prosthesis

Bilateral Pleural Effusions due to Pulmonary Amyloidosis as the Presenting Manifestation of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cell origin. Pleural effusion may develop in the setting of myeloma due to various reasons but is extremely uncommon as a presenting symptom. A 69-year-old Caucasian man presented with pleural effusions of undetermined etiology after extensive work up, and multiple failed pleurodesis. Lung biopsy revealed pulmonary amyloidosis and led to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Patient was started on chemotherapy but died within 6 weeks of his diagnosis due to multiorgan failure. Pulmonary amyloidosis should be suspected as a cause of intractable pleural effusions, even in patient who do not have evidence of lung involvement on imaging studies or typical features of multiple myeloma. Pleural effusions due to amyloidosis are often refractory to treatment, and a high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and treatment

Management of Electronic Waste: An Integrated Approach

Abstract In this paper the authors will present options for e-waste management in India. Thes

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF NEFOPAM HYDROCHLORIDE IN POLYMETHACRYLATE NANOSPHERES

Objective: To develop and validate simple, sensitive, accurate, specific, precise, rugged, robust and reproducible UV spectrophotometry method for the quantitative estimation of Nefopam hydrochloride (NFH) loaded in polymethacrylate nanospheres (NFH-NS) as per ICH guidelines.Methods: Polymethacrylate nanospheres of NFH were fabricated by quasi-solvent diffusion technique. The analytical method used phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 as a solvent for the estimation of NFH which has the absorption maxima (λmax) value 266 nm. The calibration curve was plotted for NFH in beer's range of 50-400 μg/ml. linear regression of calibration curve was performed by Graph Pad Prism version 5.01 for windows to find a p-value of the regression coefficient. The amount of NFH in polymethacrylate nanospheres (NFH-NS) was analyzed spectrophotometrically using regression equation obtained from the calibration curve. The analytical method was validated for linearity, range, accuracy, specificity, precision, ruggedness and robustness. Sandell's sensitivity value was determined for validation of sensitivity. The drug content of polymethacrylate nanospheres (NFH-NS) was estimated using regression equation.Results: Polymethacrylate nanospheres of NFH were successfully fabricated by quasi-solvent diffusion technique. Regression equation obtained from calibration curve was y = 0.002x+0.001. The estimated amount of NFH in 50 mg of NFH-NS analyzed by UV spectrophotometry using regression equation was found 10.19 mg. Developed analytical method for NFH was found linear in the concentration range of 50-400 μg/ml with high correlation coefficient of 0.9994 with p-value 0.008325 (*p<0.05). Molar absorptivity (ε), sandell's sensitivity and best-fit value slope was found to be 2.5 × 10-3, 0.115 and 0.002509±0.00002569, respectively. Mean percentage recovery was found in accepted limit of 98%-102% which validated the accuracy of the method. Method exhibited system precision as well as intra-day precision as exemplified by % RSD of 0.570 and 0.704%, respectively. The proposed analytical method was validated for ruggedness, sensitivity, and robustness.Conclusion: It was concluded that developed UV spectrophotometry method was accurate, precise, linear, specific, rugged, robust and sensitive and, therefore, can be used for routine analysis and quantitative estimation of NFH loaded in polymethacrylate nanospheres.Â

A patient with mexiletine-related psychosis

Mexiletine is a commonly used Class IB (Vaughan William classification) antiarrhythmic drug. We report a case of mexiletine-induced psychosis that was successfully managed by decreasing the dose and using alternative medications for management of ventricular tachycardia