En el límite de un bien Patrimonio Mundial: comunidades locales y práctica arqueológica en relación con la nominación del arrecife de coral de Nueva Caledonia

The nomination of six portions of the New Caledonian coral reef as a natural World Heritage Site in 2009 has led, in his wake, to a profound change in archaeological practice in some parts of this multicultural archipelago of Southern Melanesia. This has especially been the case in the region of Bourail, where a large-scale economic development program was started to attract tourists to the reef, with the construction of hotels, an international 18 holes golf course and related infrastructures, all included in the immediate buffer zone of the site. The paper will present the changes witnessed in relation to heritage management as part of the overall development projects. Due to a community-riven demand, the Provincial Services in charge of heritage preservation, have agreed to the idea of the local stakeholders to impose a general archaeological survey of surface sites (abandoned villages, planting grounds, burial areas etc), followed by largescale rescue excavations before any construction. In total, over 300 sites have been documented to date in the 8000 hectares of the property. Over 13000 m2 of surfaces have been excavated, making this area the largest single excavation project ever done in Melanesia. The paper will focus on the specific agreements finalized with the indigenous Kanak groups, as part of the archaeological procedures, around the discovery and study of human remains, before summarizing the main results of the program. These have shown an unexpected number of landscape transformations during the last 3000 years, with the massive expansion of the seashore dune system as well as the intensified occupation of the inland areas over the last 700 years before first European contact. The presentation of the results to the public through site visits, films, exhibitions, on-site panels and publications, has allowed the collective appropriation of the archaeological discoveries by the inhabitants of the Bourail region and beyond, whatever their cultural origins.El nombramiento de seis porciones de los arrecifes de coral de Nueva Caledonia como natural patrimonio de la humanidad en el año 2009 ha conducido, en su raíz, a un cambio profundo en la práctica arqueológica en algunas partes de este archipiélago de la Melanesia meridional multicultural. Esto ha sido especialmente el caso en la región de Bourail, donde se inició un programa de desarrollo económico a gran escala para atraer a turistas al arrecife, con la construcción de hoteles, un campo de golf internacional de 18 hoyos y las infraestructuras relacionadas, todo ello incluido en la zona de amortiguamiento inmediata del sitio. El documento presentará los cambios de que fueron testigos en relación con la gestión del patrimonio como parte de los proyectos de desarrollo general. Debido a la demanda por parte de la comunidad, los servicios provinciales a cargo de la conservación del patrimonio, han convenido en la idea de los actores locales para imponer un estudio arqueológico general de sitios superficiales (abandonado aldeas, plantación de jardines, áreas de entierro etc.), seguido por las excavaciones de rescate a gran escala antes de cualquier construcción. En total, más de 300 páginas se han documentado hasta la fecha en las 8000 hectáreas de la propiedad. Se han excavado más de 13000 m2 de superficies, haciendo esta área el proyecto de excavación solo más grande jamás hecho en Melanesia. La ponencia se centrará en los acuerdos específicos que finalizó con los grupos indígenas de Kanak, como parte de los procedimientos arqueológicos, el descubrimiento y estudio de restos humanos, antes de resumir los principales resultados del programa. Estos han demostrado un número inesperado de las transformaciones del paisaje durante los últimos 3000 años, con la expansión masiva del sistema dunar de la costa, así como la ocupación intensificada de las zonas del interior en los últimos 700 años antes del primer contacto europeo. La presentación de los resultados al público a través de visitas, películas, exposiciones, paneles in situ y publicaciones, ha permitido la apropiación colectiva de los descubrimientos arqueológicos por los habitantes de la región de Bourail y más allá, sea cual sea su origen cultural.Depto. de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y ArqueologíaFac. de Geografía e HistoriaTRUEMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)pu

Contracting and Ideas Disclosure in the Innovation Process

We analyze the contract between an innovator and a developer, when the former has private information on his idea and the latter must exert efforts but may also quit the relationship after having been informed. We show that the equilibrium contracts distort downwards the developer's incentives but in different ways according to the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR). For example, with intermediate IPR, only pooling contracts arise with a limited amount of information revealed.

Testing the human factor: Radiocarbon dating the first peoples of the South Pacific

Archaeologists have long debated the origins and mode of dispersal of the immediate predecessors of all Polynesians and many populations in Island Melanesia. Such debates are inextricably linked to a chronological framework provided, in part, by radiocarbon dates. Human remains have the greatest potential for providing answers to many questions pertinent to these debates. Unfortunately, bone is one of the most complicated materials to date reliably because of bone degradation, sample pretreatment and diet. This is of particular concern in the Pacific where humidity contributes to the rapid decay of bone protein, and a combination of marine, reef, C₄, C₃ and freshwater foods complicate the interpretation of ¹⁴C determinations. Independent advances in bone pretreatment, isotope multivariate modelling and radiocarbon calibration techniques provide us, for the first time, with the tools to obtain reliable calibrated ages for Pacific burials. Here we present research that combines these techniques, enabling us to re-evaluate the age of burials from key archaeological sites in the Pacific

Contracting and Ideas Disclosure in the Innovation Process

We analyze the contract between an innovator and a developer, when the former has private information on his idea and the latter must exert efforts but may also quit the relationship after having been informed. We show that the equilibrium contracts distort downwards the developer's incentives but in different ways according to the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR). For example, with intermediate IPR, only pooling contracts arise with a limited amount of information revealed

Contracting and Ideas Disclosure in the Innovation Process

We analyze the contract between an innovator and a developer, when the former has private information on his idea and the latter must exert efforts but may also quit the relationship after having been informed. We show that the equilibrium contracts distort downwards the developer's incentives but in different ways according to the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR). For example, with intermediate IPR, only pooling contracts arise with a limited amount of information revealed

José Garanger, un grand archéologue océaniste

Comme il est de coutume pour un savant de renom, à l’occasion de son départ à la retraite, José Garanger reçut l’hommage de ses collègues et disciples sous la forme d’un bel ouvrage (Mémoire de pierre, Mémoire d’homme), témoin du respect et de l’affection de tous. Au début de cette publication (Julien et al., 1996), avait été rassemblée la bibliographie de José, comprenant pas moins de huit ouvrages et plus de quatre-vingts articles scientifiques, témoins d’une carrière riche de résultats tra..

Inhumations préhistoriques en Nouvelle-Calédonie

Les témoignages ethnographiques et la présence d’ossements humains déconnectés en situation secondaire, dont certains dans des poteries utilisées entre le début et la fin du premier millénaire après J.-C., permettent de supposer des pratiques funéraires complexes dans les sociétés préhistoriques de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. L’inhumation est un traitement du défunt possible dont les modalités : définitive ou provisoire, peuvent être identifiées grâce à leurs expressions archéologiques : la sépulture primaire complète et la sépulture primaire incomplète. L’étude montre que les deux modalités d’inhumation ont coexisté durant la préhistoire néo-calédonienne, en s’appuyant sur l’analyse détaillée de la sépulture primaire incomplète de la localité WKO013A du site de Lapita (Koné), datée à la charnière entre le premier millénaire et le deuxième millénaire après J.-C., ainsi que sur une analyse d’ensemble des sépultures à inhumations de la Grande Terre. Les données ne permettent d’envisager ni une dimension diachronique, ni une prépondérance d’une modalité de traitement sur l’autre. Mais il apparaît, premièrement, que les gestes funéraires mis en oeuvre par les sociétés préhistoriques, notamment à la jonction entre le premier et deuxième millénaires après J.-C., sont d’une complexité analogue à celle de ceux décrits dans les sociétés kanak du XIXe siècle et, deuxièmement, que certains adolescents des sociétés préhistoriques pouvaient recevoir un traitement funéraire qui, dans les sociétés traditionnelles, semble plutôt réservé aux hommes âgés.Ethnographical evidences added to the discovery of disarticulated human bones in secondary disposition, some of them found in pieces of pottery in use between the beginning and the end of the first millenium AD, allow to hypothesize the existence of complex funerary practices among the prehistoric societies of New Caledonia. Is one possible treatment of the dead, the modalities of which—temporary or final—can be identified through their archaeological expressions, that is complete or incomplete primary burial. A study based on both the detailed analysis of the WKO013A incomplete primary burial found in the site of Lapita (Koné) dating from the turning point between the first and second millenium AD, and a general analysis of the burial places with inhumation found on the Grande Terre shows that both modalities coexisted during the New Caledonian prehistory. While the data do not allow considering a diachronic approach nor the preponderance of a modality of treatment over the other, it clearly appears, as far as prehistoric societies are concerned, that, in the first place, particularly at the junction between the first and second millenium AD, these groups implemented funeral gestures of a similar complexity to that of the Kanak societies in the XIXth century, and secondly, that some adolescents could be given a funerary treatment apparently restricted to elder men in traditional societies