Estimating Productivity Gap and Contribution of Wheat Production in Sindh Pakistan

Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively. Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively. The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -1.17%, 9.75% respectively. Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan

Net External Liabilities and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan

By using ordinary least square (OLS) method this study is conducted to see the impact of net external liabilities on economic growth of Pakistan. Other statistical tools like unit root etc were applied to solve the data problem as we use time series data for the period 1973-2012. The result of the study found that net external liabilities, education enrolment, export and gross capital formation has positive significance association with GDP while debt service relation was found insignificance. Keywords: Net External Liabilities, Gross Domestic product, Debt servic

Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Tomato v/s Conventional Tomato Production in District Tando Allahyar Sindh, Pakistan

The present study was conducted in district Tando Allahyar Sindh to assess the economic analysis of tomato production and changes in socio-economic status of the farmers. Thus the tomato farmers in study area incurred that on an average per Farm spent a sum total fixed cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Hybrid tomato and total fixed cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Conventional tomato. Total fixed cost includes Land Rent, Land tax, and water charges and total variable costs for Hybrid tomato were (64420.00 Rs/Acre) while in conventional tomato the total variable costs ware (61620.00 Rs/Acre).  On an average higher yield was obtained in hybrid tomato 94.00 Mds /acre from Hybrid tomato while 76.00 Mds /acre average obtained by conventional tomato. As for prices concerned, the Hybrid and Conventional tomato growers received Rs. 1520.00/ Mds and Rs. 1480.00/ Mds respectively. Total revenue of tomato production was calculated and found that hybrid tomato growers received Rs. 142880.00/acre, while conventional tomato growers Rs. 112480.00 /acre.  The tomato growers in selected study area who cultivates Hybrid tomato obtained higher gross revenue (Rs.142880.00Per/acre), whereas gross margin of conventional tomato growers who seem to be lower (Rs. 112480.00Per/acre). The Net Return of tomato production was calculated and found that Hybrid tomato growers received higher Net Return which was (57560.00 Rs/acre), where as Net Return of Conventional tomato grower who seem to be lower (29960.00 Rs/acre). Therefore they availed in hybrid farms input output ratio of 1:1.67, cost benefit ratio of 1:0.67while 1:1.36 input output ratio and 1:0.36 from conventional tomato farmers in the study area. Keywords: Tomato, hybrid, conventional, net return, cost benefit ratio, Tando Allahyar.

Economic Analysis of Henna Cultivation and Marketing in Taluka Tharoshah District Naushahero Feroze Sindh Pakistan

The results of present study conducted to determine the majority 75.00 percent henna plant growers were engaged in farming, 10.00 percent henna plant growers have were engaged in labour and 15.00 percent henna plant growers have were engaged in the job/ business like having shopkeeper, govt. job and private jobs in the study area. In this study the 81.66 percent henna plant growers were used canal water and only 38.33 percent henna plant growers were used tube well water in the study area. An average per/acre area of fixed cost the Rs.12700.00 on which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for Zaria tax and usher Rs.700.00 and rent of land Rs. 12000.00. And Rs.7150.00 on an average per/acre area of land development cost which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for PloughingRs.3450.00, land leveling Rs.2500.00 and ridge making Rs.1200.00 in study area. The selected henna grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.67194.00. This included Rs.12700.00, Rs.7150.00, Rs.13100.00, Rs.7700.00 and Rs.26444.00 on fixed cost, land development cost, marketing costs and input costs respectively. Thus the henna growers in the study area obtained per acre 76 Mds on an average and revenue per acre earned of Rs.121600.00 that obtained by the grower of henna. The henna growers on an average per acre earned during study, Rs.54406.00 on net income, Rs.121600.00 on gross income and Rs.67194.00 on total expenditure.  Thus the henna growers in Tharoshah district Naushahero Feroze Sindh area on a gross income Rs.121600.00 and total expenditure is  Rs.67194.00 in the study  area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.80 and a net income per acre earned Rs.54406.00 and total expenditure Rs.67094.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.80 respectably. Keywords: Henna, Mehndi, Zaria tax, capital Inputs, expenditure, Naushahero Feroz

Efficiency of Poultry Production in District Quetta Balochistan Pakistan

This study was carried out by considering the importance of production of poultry farming in Balochistan Pakistan. The results showed there were 45.00 percent of the respondents farmers were rearing poultry birds on small scale 2000 birds , 33.34 percent of farmers were on the range 2001 to 4000 birds and 21.66 percent respondents were heaving up to 4000 birds on at their farms. Thus the selected poultry farmers on average per farm spent a total cost of production of Rs.551350.00. This included Rs.48000.00, Rs. 71350.00, Rs.157000.00, Rs.125000.00 and Rs.150000.00 on Farm rent/cost, Equipment Expenditure of farm, Expenditures Rearing, Labour charges and marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. The results of the return analysis indicated that production were an average per farm earned of Rs.960600.00 that included for Rs. 939600.00 on Sale of 900 birds weighing 1.5 kg each  and Rs. 21000.00 sale of poultry manure obtained by the farmers of poultry.  It’s the result cleared from the table that each poultry farmer on an average per farm earned during study, Rs.409250.00 on net income, Rs.960600.00 on gross income and Rs. 551350.00 on total expenditure in the study area. The selected poultry farmers on an average per farm earned Rs. 960600.00non the inputs at Rs. 551350.00 in study area. The cost benefit ratio of the farming of poultry at 1:0.74 it means that the poultry farmers obtained Rs. 0.74 on each rupee invested by them in the study area. Keywords: poultry, birds, capital inputs, average, manure, Balochistan DOI: 10.7176/JPID/54-02 Publication date:May 31st 202

Efficiency Analysis of Islamic Banking in Hderabad City Sindh

Interest (Riba) is stringently prohibited in Islam. It is very difficult task to transform a Riba based economy into non-interested based economy. This transformation of economy can take place slowly. Development of Islamic banking industry shows that is growing very rapidly. This study will help to estimate the efficiency of Islamic banking in Hyderabad by applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Technical, cost and income efficiency will be calculated through DEA. Tobit model will also be applied to investigate the influence of different factors on efficiencies of Islamic banks. Average technical efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable) return to scale was 0.837 (0.929), 0.774 (0.943) and 0.913 (0.967) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Islamic bank should increase assets and profits which have positive impact on efficiency, while liabilities and no of branches had negative impact on efficiency. Average cost efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable) return to scale was 0.623 (0.730), 0.621 (0.854) and 0.879 (0.929) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Average income efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable) return to scale was 0.365(0.614), 0.387(0.709) and 0.416(0.687) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The efficiency of Islamic banks is increasing day by day in Hyderabad Sindh. Keywords: Islamic banking, Riba, Interest, technical efficiency, profits, Hyderabad

Economic Analysis of Apple Orchards Production in District Mastung Balochistan Pakistan

Balochistan has the largest area under fruits in Pakistan as nearly one million tons of fruits are annually produced from 0.23 million hectares and production is 32.6 percent. Mastung district of Balochistan province is the centre of apple production on Pakistan’s. Mastung has over other apple producing regions is the ability to produce highly colored apples due to the cool evening temperatures in late summer and the fall combined with good light diffusion. Farming experience of Apple growers up to 10 years; they had 41.66%, 11-20 years of apple farming experience had 13.33%, 21-30 years of apple farming experience possessed 25.00% of apple farming. Similarly, farmers with more than 30 years of apple farming experience had 20.00% of apple farming. An average per acre apple growers spent for rent of land Rs. 42800.00 in district Mastung Balochistan during the 2013. the Rs. 19351.50 on an average per/acre area of labour input which includes Rs. 1322.00 on Irrigation, Thinning Rs. 1761.33, Weeding Rs. 700.00, Chemicals /Spray trees Rs. 672.96, soaking Rs.613.58, Machine operating costs Rs. 5600.00, Paint trees Rs. 954.00, Application of FYM, Rs. 689.88, picked fruit/Cutting/ harvesting, Rs. 1897.02 and Miscellaneous Rs. 5140.73 respectively in the study area. that each selected apple grower of Mastung on an average per acre of apple spent a sum of Rs. 34771.00 that included Rs. 4471.42, Rs. 4133.45, and Rs. 5250.00 Rs. 8457.65 Rs.3871.42 Rs. 5239.83 Rs. 2114.45 and Rs. 1233.83 on Irrigate: (water) , F.Y.M, Fertilizer/ Urea, Insecticide/Pesticides, Packing Material, Fuel - Diesel , Spray machine , Machinery repair    respectively. the selected apple grower in Mustang Balochistan area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 120094.84 during 2013 this included Rs. 42800.00, 21690.58, Rs.34771.00 and Rs. 20834.26 on fixed cost, labour costs marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Apple growers in Mastung Balochistan area on revenue per acre earned of Rs. 268800.00 that obtained by the grower of apple. An average per acre earned during study, Rs. 148705.00 on net income, Rs. 268800.00 on gross income and Rs. 120094.58 on total expenditure in the Mastung Balochistan. the selected apple growers on an net income per acre earned Rs. 148705.00 and total expenditure  Rs. 120094.58 in Mastung Balochistan  area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.23 from apple growing in the study area. Keywords: Apple, cost, fruit yield, labor, net returns, and cost-benefit ratio

Economic Analysis of Potato Production in Sindh Pakistan

The result each potato grower obtained per acre 183.00 in Mds on an average. Each selected potato growers in Sindh area on revenue per acre earned of Rs. 140390.00 that obtained by the grower of potato. An average per acre earned during study, Rs. 63473.00 on net income, Rs. 140390.00 on gross income and Rs. 76917.13on total expenditure in the study area. An average per acre gross income Rs. 140390.00 and total expenditure is Rs. 76917.00 in Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.82 from potato growing in the study area, the selected potato growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 63473.00 and total expenditure Rs. 76917.00 in Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.82 from potato growing in the Sindh. Keywords: Potato, Production, Fertilize, total expenditure, ratio, Sind

Performance of Pickle Production Processing and Marketing in Sindh Pakistan

Pickle products are packed in polythene bags then are placed in the Glass bottles or bucket. The pickle producers in Shikarpur area on average spent a total cost of production of Rs.1575700.00 in the Rs.607500.00 raw material cost, Rs.320900.00 packaging material cost, Rs.536000.00 human resource cost and Rs.130000.00 marketing cost respectively on capital inputs. The selected pickle producers in Shikarpur area on average revenue generate of Rs. 2350000.00 and pickle net income per unit Rs.1340700.00, Rs.2350000.00 gross income and Rs.1575700.00 total expenditure respectively in the study area. The pickle production unit gross income Rs. 2350000.00 and total expenditure is Rs.1575700.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.49 and pickle production unit net income Rs. 774300.00 and total expenditure Rs.1575700.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.49 respectively in the study area. Keywords: Pickle, raw material, polythene bags, bucket, input output ratio, Shikarpu

Impact of Credit on Agricultural Producitivity: A Case Study of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL) Loans in District Kashmore at Kandh Kot, Sindh Pakistan

Agricultural sector is the largest contribution to Pakistan’s GDP. Agricultural credit plays an important role in enhancing the agricultural productivity in developing countries like Pakistan. The government of Pakistan introduced several agricultural credit loans through ZTBL and other commercial banks and institutional sources. This study estimated constrains faced by the farmers in acquisitioned source. This study also estimated the impact of credit on agricultural productivity. Data were collected randomly from 30 loanee farmers to three selected ZTBL branches and 30 non loanee farmers in the same villages. It found that the credit has a positive impact on the agricultural productivity and loanee farmers have more gross margins than non loanee farmers. Now the problem is to remove the constraints which small farmers are facing in this regard and then improve the utilization of the credit amount as planned at the time of disbursement in agriculture production process following findings were found. A major proportion i.e.40.8% of the farmers belonged to young age group (36-45 years). It was found that majority of the respondents had low level of education in the selected area. More than 51.7% of the respondents had 6-10 acres of the land holding. A huge majority 95% of the respondents had knowledge about the agricultural credit scheme of the ZTBL Bank. More than 56.75 of the loanees’ farmers avail credit facilities for the first time from the ZTBL bank. A large majority 63.3 of the farmers were not satisfied with the interest rate charged by the banks. It was found that a large number of farmers mutualized the credit amount. About 66.7% farmers got agricultural credit facility from bank without facing any problem. Result indicates that average cultivated area in case of loanee farmers is higher than non-loanee farmers. It was conclude that the loanee farmers had more cost of production as compare to non loanee farmers. Results of regression analysis indicate that credit had very normal impact on agricultural productivity as limiting factors is the proper utilization of loan mount in agricultural sector. The most common utilization of credit amount as construction, repair and renovation of the houses by the loanee farmers. Keywords:Banks, credit, agricultural productivity