Scientific basis of the development and standardization of herbal medicines

The present paper conceptually considers scientific approaches to standardization of starting materials of herbal origin and herbal medicinal products. It was proved that chemical classification of the starting materials of herbal origin is of fundamental importance for Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical science in general. It was shown that the chemical nature of biologically active compounds has to be considered as a methodological basis when developing new approaches to standardization of starting materials of herbal origin and herbal medicinal products. The article also discusses the dependence of physical, physical and chemical, spectral, and pharmacological properties on the chemical nature of biologically active compounds, used as identity and quality criteria for raw materials and phytopreparations. The paper describes current trends in Pharmacognosy, as reflected in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIII edition

STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL RECEIVED FROM HERBAL DRUG PRODUCTS OF SHIZANDRA CHINESIS’ SEEDS (<i>SCHISÁNDRA CHINÉNSIS </i>BAILL.) BY THE CHROMATOMASS-SPECTROMETRY METHOD

The analysis of component composition of the Schizandra chinensis has been carried out. Fruits (Fructus Schisandre) and seeds (Semina Schisandre) of Schisandra Chinese serve as medicinal plant raw materials. The chromatography analysis of component composition of alcoholic tincture of fructus of the Schizandra chinensis and of alcoholic tincture of semina of the Schizandra chinensis has been carried. The existence of major and minor components has been established by the results of chromatography analysis made with Agilent Technologies device. Qualitative and quantitative distinction between galenicals has been revealed with the help of ChemStationE 02.00 software and library for Mass Spectrometry NIST-05. In galenicals terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, threternenal saponins, carbohydrates, lignans, aminoacids and furanocumarins have been detected. As a result of the analysis of tincture of fruits Schisandra сhinese were detected 36 substances belonging to different classes: alcohols, acids, sugars, ketones, anthracene derivatives, terpenes, ethers and other compounds. The relative percentage of each component was calculated taking into account unidentified peaks. According to the results of the study, it's possible to draw a conclusion about the chemical heterogeneity of the essential oil of Shizandra сhinesis' seeds. The following groups of biologically active substances were found in the essential oil from the Shizandra сhinesis' seeds: terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpene saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, lignans, amino acids and furanocoumarins

Current requirements for standardization of homeopathic raw materials and substances

The article considers modern requirements for standardization of homoeopathic raw material and substances. The study included the analysis of a range of raw materials of plant, animal, mineral and chemical origin, which are used for the production of homeopathic substances. The article describes basic ways of processing raw material for producing homeopathic substances and basic principles of the quality control of raw materials in different countries. It was revealed that there was a difference in the composition of substances used under the same name, as well as in methods of preparation of homeopathic substances. The authors formulated the main approaches to standardization of homoeopathic raw material that were used in the elaboration of monographs on homeopathic products for the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation

IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CRUDE HERBAL DRUGS OF FRUCTUS CARVI, FRUCTUS FOENICULI AND FRUCTUS ANISI VULGARIS

Improvement of the quality requirements for the herbal pharmaceutical substances is the basis for the safety and efficacy of drugs produced from it. Modern diagnostic methods made it possible to clarify and to elaborate the regulatory requirements for Fructus Carvi, Fructus Foeniculi and Fructus Anisi vulgaris and to create innovated pharmacopoeial articles

OPTIMIZATION OF HPLC METHODS FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID IN LICORICE ROOTS

Comparative evaluation of glycyrrhizic acid content in licorice roots by methods of UV-spectrophotometry (GF RF XIII) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out. Sample preparation for HPLC method of quantitative determination of glycyrrhizic acid in samples of domestic production is developed. Small selectivity of UV-spectrophotometry at determination of glycyrrhizic acid is experimentally established and perspective of HPLC method for standardization of licorice raw materials is shown

Evaluation of Glycyrrhizic Acid Content in Licorice Roots and Products of its Processing by HPLC-UV Method

Introduction. The actual form of packaging licorice roots for water extraction are filter paper sachets. New forms of licorice root processing provide the proper technological properties of raw materials for filter paper sachets.Aim. A comparative assessment of the of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content in licorice roots (LR), produced in the Russian Federation and in licorice raw materials of various processing methods by HPLC-UV.Materials and methods. The objects of research were crushed LR, packaged in packs of industrial production and laboratory-industrial samples of coarse powder (CP), cut-pressed granules (CPG) and compositions proposed for packaging in filter paper sachets. The determination of GA content was carried out on an Agilent 1200 high performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a photodiode array detector (Agilent Technologies, USA). The stationary phase is column Phenomenex Luna® C18(2) 250×4.6 mm. The composition of the mobile phase – 5% orthophosphoric acid water solution: acetonitrile (60:40). A flow rate – 1.0 ml/min, isocratic elution mode. The temperature of the column – 30 °C. The sample injected volume – 10 µl. Detection was performed at a wavelength of 254 nm; run time – 15 minutes.Results and discussion. The GA content in CP, CPG and the composition of CP and CPG –was determined in the ratio of 80:20 (composition). It was established that the GA content varies in the LR in the range – 7.08–9.17%, CP – 3.87–3.90%, CPG – 6.88–7.08%, and the composition – 4.44–4.88%.Conclusion. The use of HPLC-UV method for the standardization of licorice roots of domestic production and the roots of various forms of processing is very promising. The technique can be recommended for inclusion in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of a subsequent edition, which will allow harmonizing the quality requirements of domestic licorice raw materials with the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias

Salinity-induced succession of phototrophic communities in a southwestern Siberian soda lake during the solar activity cycle

A variety of lakes located in the dry steppe area of southwestern Siberia are exposed to rapid climatic changes, including intra-century cycles with alternating dry and wet phases driven by solar activity. As a result, the salt lakes of that region experience significant fluctuations in water level and salinity, which have an essential impact on the indigenous microbial communities. But there are few microbiological studies that have analyzed this impact, despite its importance for understanding the functioning of regional water ecosystems. This work is a retrospective study aimed at analyzing how solar activity-related changes in hydrological regime affect phototrophic microbial communities using the example of the shallow soda lake Tanatar VI, located in the Kulunda steppe (Altai Region, Russia, southwestern Siberia). The main approach used in this study was the comparison of hydrochemical and microscopic data obtained during annual field work with satellite and solar activity data for the 12-year observation period (2011–2022). The occurrence of 33 morphotypes of cyanobacteria, two key morphotypes of chlorophytes, and four morphotypes of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was analyzed due to their easily recognizable morphology. During the study period, the lake surface changed threefold and the salinity changed by more than an order of magnitude, which strongly correlated with the phases of the solar activity cycles. The periods of high (2011–2014; 100–250 g/L), medium (2015–2016; 60 g/L), extremely low (2017–2020; 13–16 g/L), and low (2021–2022; 23–34 g/L) salinity with unique biodiversity of phototrophic communities were distinguished. This study shows that solar activity cycles determine the dynamics of the total salinity of a southwestern Siberian soda lake, which in turn determines the communities and microorganisms that will occur in the lake, ultimately leading to cyclical changes in alternative states of the ecosystem (dynamic stability)