Origin and evolution of the bread wheat D genome

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally dominant crop and major source of calories and proteins for the human diet. Compared with its wild ancestors, modern bread wheat shows lower genetic diversity, caused by polyploidisation, domestication and breeding bottlenecks. Wild wheat relatives represent genetic reservoirs, and harbour diversity and beneficial alleles that have not been incorporated into bread wheat. Here we establish and analyse extensive genome resources for Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii), the donor of the bread wheat D genome. Our analysis of 46 Ae. tauschii genomes enabled us to clone a disease resistance gene and perform haplotype analysis across a complex disease resistance locus, allowing us to discern alleles from paralogous gene copies. We also reveal the complex genetic composition and history of the bread wheat D genome, which involves contributions from genetically and geographically discrete Ae. tauschii subpopulations. Together, our results reveal the complex history of the bread wheat D genome and demonstrate the potential of wild relatives in crop improvement

Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology Redesign of Stand-Alone Applications into Thin-Client/Server Architecture

One of the characteristics in software development is that software systems require changes once they are deployed in an operational environment. When the software is being used by the intended audience it is almost inevitable that errors are found, requirements change or new requirements emerge because of changes in the business processes. Depending on the nature of these modifications and the life-time of the software, the impact on the existing software will vary from simple error solving to complete architectural transformation. In this paper the architectural transformation is presented of stand-alone applications, redesigned into thin-client/server architecture to improve the application’s flexibility, interoperability, performance, distribution and scalability. The strategy proposed in this paper is a decomposition of the original application in which functionality is categorized and distributed in N-tier client/server architecture. The client application only contains the user-interface while the remaining functionality is split across multiple server applications. The software that is subject for redesign in this paper is a recently developed Point-Of-Sale application, initially designed as a stand-alone application. The goal of redesigning the application is to reduce the front-end hardware requirements, improve the application’s flexibility and make the application applicable for a wider range of usage. The redesign approach is evaluated by implementation of a proto-type Point-Of-Sale application, which has proven that an N-tier client/server Point-Of-Sale application is a feasible solution and leads to a very flexible and highly scalable application. Keywords: Client/Server architecture; Legacy Applications; Middleware;.NET Remoting; Software reengineerin