COVID-19 E ENSINO SUPERIOR REMOTO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE OS DESAFIOS NO PROCESSO DE ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM DOS UNIVERSITÁRIOS

O vírus do Sars-CoV-2 causador da pandemia da COVID-19 mudou o rumo das pessoas e de diversos setores e áreas da sociedade, em especial, a área da Educação. No que se refere a área da Educação, além da pandemia da COVID-19 a principal medida de mitigação da transmissão do vírus é o isolamento social, e devido a essa medida de contenção, tanto escolas quanto universidades acabaram sendo fechados, e os planos de reabertura desses centros plurais ocorre de maneira lenta e gradual, dessa forma, o processo de ensino-aprendizagem tanto dos alunos quanto dos universitários fica comprometido, pois devido a pandemia, o que restou foram aulas de maneira remota, e nesse mecanismo de aulas, apenas o professor atua na transmissão do conhecimento, enquanto os estudantes ficam polo passivo, recebendo e captando informações, ou seja, há uma mecanização do ensino no formato virtual. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi fazer um estudo de caso com os universitários de cidades do interior de Pernambuco acerca de como a pandemia afetou negativamente o processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos alunos. A metodologia utilizada foi um questionário desenvolvido através da plataforma Google Forms, o questionário foi distribuído por mídias sociais e ficou ativo por 35 dias, além disso, a última pergunta do questionário era um comentário que foi analisado pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram que o ensino remoto ainda não é capaz de suprir as necessidades dos alunos, pois a grande maioria dos universitários preferem o ensino presencial em detrimento do online

Geological and geotechnical study of erosive processes and proposition of a macro-drainage system: Córrego do Cravo Gully (Nazareno-MG, Brazil)

A dinâmica dos sistemas naturais se constrói na integração de todos os elementos pertencentes ao ambiente. Caso o conhecimento do meio físico e da influência das atividades antrópicas nesta dinâmica não sejam considerados em conjunto com o uso e ocupação, problemas ambientais de difícil recuperação, como as voçorocas, podem ser gerados, prejudicando a própria manutenção e expansão das atividades humanas. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar de forma integrada os condicionantes geológicos e geotécnicos e as propriedades que interferem na drenagem da água superficial e subsuperficial em uma voçoroca do município de Nazareno, no estado de Minas Gerais (voçoroca do Córrego do Cravo). Diante disso, foram elaborados mapas com a utilização de SIG para levantamento e análise das características da bacia do Córrego do Cravo e da bacia de contribuição da voçoroca. Ensaios em laboratório (permeabilidade, erodibilidade, parâmetros físico-químicos, matéria orgânica, MCT e MEV/EDS) foram realizados para caracterização geológica e geotécnica, assim como o tratamento de dados pluviométricos e o programa ABC 6, para estudo do comportamento e da vazão das chuvas. Por fim, para avaliação das propostas de macrodrenagem na bacia de contribuição da voçoroca do Córrego do Cravo, utilizou-se o programa Canal. Os resultados apontaram que, nesta região, as elevadas declividades e susceptibilidade do solo saprolítico (Cambissolo) são os principais condicionantes do ambiente, sendo a intensidade das chuvas, as direções do fluxo superficial, sua concentração (originada pela retirada da cobertura vegetal e manejo inadequado do solo tanto pelas atividades agropecuárias como pela implantação de obras de infraestrutura, como estradas, por exemplo), e a exposição do nível d\'água subterrâneo no interior da voçoroca, os principais fatores que proporcionam o desenvolvimento e retorno dos processos erosivos. Dessa forma, a redução do volume e da energia do escoamento superficial em direção ao solo saprolítico, concomitante ao recolhimento e disciplinamento da água subsuperficial no interior da voçoroca, são consideradas imprescindíveis à estabilização dos processos erosivos. As propostas de macrodrenagem, de maneira geral, poderão ser aplicadas, não somente na voçoroca do Córrego do Cravo, mas também em outras voçorocas de Nazareno com propriedades geológicas-geotécnicas similares.The dynamics of natural systems are based on the integration of all environmental elements. If the knowledge of physical conditions and of the influence of anthropogenic activities are not considered jointly with land use difficult environmental problems, as gullies, are generated and may cause damages both on maintenance and on expansion of human activities. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the geological and geotechnical constraints and properties which interfere in the superficial and subsuperficial drainage systems of a gully in the Nazareno municipality, at Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Córrego do Cravo gully). Therefore, maps to survey data from the Córrego do Cravo basin and the gully contribution area were made, using GIS tools. In addition, laboratory tests (permeability, erodibility, physical-chemical parameters, organic matter, MCT and SEM/EDS) were conducted for a geological and geotechnical characterization, as well as a study of the precipitation data was done and the software ABC 6 was used to evaluate rainfall and flow. Finally, for the macro drainage system assessment the software Canal was used. The results showed that the steep slopes and the saprolite soil susceptibility (Cambisol) are the main environmental constraints, and the rainfall intensity, the flow directions and its concentration (that is generated by the removal of vegetation and inadequate land use, both urban and agricultural), and the exposure of the water table level in the gully are the main factors that developed and brought the erosive processes back. Hence, both flow volume and energy towards the saprolite soil, in addition with subsuperficial water collection and its discipline inside the gully, are considered indispensable to stabilize of the erosive processes. The macro drainage system proposition can be applied in other gullie areas with similar geological and geotechnical properties

Simulación hidrológica e hidráulica para el diseño de macrodrenaje para la gestión y recuperación de cárcavas

Runoff on susceptible terrains that is not associated with adequate drainage causes soil erosion, as gullies. Gullies and drainage continue to be major issues in reclamation projects since soil erosion can be reactivated after the application of recovery measures. This paper describes a low-cost project framework for macrodrainage for a gully in Nazareno (MG, Brazil) to provide support to gully management and recovery. We used a simple methodology with the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and concentrated hydrologic and hydraulic models (freely available softwares). The basin has steep slopes (8 to 20%) and the water flows mainly to the northwest, which contribute to exacerbate erosion problems. We studied the effect of environmental conditions on different simulations to elaborate a drainage system project using the free software tools. Therefore, the findings of this paper can aid gully management and recovery for this and other areas with similar issues.Escurrimiento superficial en terrenos susceptibles sin asociación con el drenaje adecuado causa erosión del suelo. Las cárcavas y el drenaje son importantes para proyectos de recuperación, ya que la erosión puede ser reactivada después de la aplicación de técnicas de recuperación. Describimos un proyecto de bajo costo para macrodrenaje en Nazareno (MG, Brasil), proporcionando suporte a la gestión y recuperación de cárcavas. Utilizamos una metodología con la aplicación de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y modelos hidrológicos y hidráulicos concentrados (softwares libres). La cuenca ha presentado pendientes elevadas (8 a 20%); el flujo de agua es direccionado preferentemente al noroeste, contribuyendo al agravamiento de la erosión. Estudiamos el efecto de condiciones medioambientales en diferentes simulaciones para un proyecto de sistema de drenaje usando las herramientas de softwares. Así pues, los resultados de este artículo pueden auxiliar la gestión y recuperación de cárcavas para esta y otras áreas con problemas similares

Hydrologic and hydraulic simulations for use in macrodrainage designs for gully management and recovery

Runoff on susceptible terrains that is not associated with adequate drainage causes soil erosion, as gullies. Gullies and drainage continue to be major issues in reclamation projects since soil erosion can be reactivated after the application of recovery measures. This paper describes a low-cost project framework for macrodrainage for a gully in Nazareno (MG, Brazil) to provide support to gully management and recovery. We used a simple methodology with the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and concentrated hydrologic and hydraulic models (freely available softwares). The basin has steep slopes (8 to 20%) and the water flows mainly to the northwest, which contribute to exacerbate erosion problems. We studied the effect of environmental conditions on different simulations to elaborate a drainage system project using the free software tools. Therefore, the findings of this paper can aid gully management and recovery for this and other areas with similar issues

Gully erosion, land uses, water and soil dynamics: a case study of Nazareno (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Gully erosion is a critical issue worldwide. To correctly associate environmental data (as climate, soil, vegetation cover, topography, etc.) and soil erosion susceptibility with land uses remains a challenge in land management. We examine the returning soil removal of a reclaimed gully in Nazareno city, Minas Gerais’ state (Brazil), comparing field assessment with laboratory experiments using two types of soil (well-developed soil and granite-gneiss saprolite). Both of them showed that macroscopic behavior of soils is connected with microscopic characteristics. Well-developed soil is more erosion resistant than granite-gneiss saprolite, but the surrounding land uses do not respect these differences. These analyses have enabled to explain why this and other gullies in the municipality are apparently stabilized, but soil losses remain occurring. It is demonstrated that urban and rural expansion played the major role in triggering gullies and soil losses.Erosión es un problema crítico en todo el mundo. Este documento evalúa las interacciones de los usos del suelo con la dinámica macroscópica y propiedades microscópicas del suelo frente a la susceptibilidad su erosión. Examinamos la reativación de una cárcava recuperada en la ciudad de Nazareno (Brasil), comparando la evaluación de campo con experimentos de laboratorio utilizando dos tipos de suelo (suelo bien desenvuelto y granito-gneiss saprolito). Ambos demostraron que el comportamiento macroscópico de los suelos esta relacionado con las características microscópicas. Suelo bien desenvuelto es más resistente a la erosión que granito-gneiss saprolito, pero los usos de la tierra de los alrededores no respeta estas diferencias. Estos análisis han permitido explicar por qué este y otras cárcavas del municipio aparentemente se estabilizaron, pero las pierdas de suelo siguen ocurriendo. Se ha demostrado que la expansión urbana y rural desempeñó un papel importante en el desencadenamiento de estas erosiones y pierdas de suelo

Gully erosion, land uses, water and soil dynamics: a case study of Nazareno (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Gully erosion is a critical issue worldwide. To correctly associate environmental data (as climate, soil, vegetation cover, topography, etc.) and soil erosion susceptibility with land uses remains a challenge in land management. We examine the returning soil removal of a reclaimed gully in Nazareno city, Minas Gerais’ state (Brazil), comparing field assessment with laboratory experiments using two types of soil (well-developed soil and granite-gneiss saprolite). Both of them showed that macroscopic behavior of soils is connected with microscopic characteristics. Well-developed soil is more erosion resistant than granite-gneiss saprolite, but the surrounding land uses do not respect these differences. These analyses have enabled to explain why this and other gullies in the municipality are apparently stabilized, but soil losses remain occurring. It is demonstrated that urban and rural expansion played the major role in triggering gullies and soil losses

Gully erosion, land uses, water and soil dynamics: A case study of Nazareno (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Gully erosion is a critical issue worldwide. To correctly understand the association that the environmental data (such as climate, vegetation cover, etc.) has with soil erosion susceptibility and land uses remains a challenge in land management. This paper evaluates land use interactions with macroscopic dynamics and microscopic soil properties in terms of soil’s susceptibility to erosion. We examine the reactivation of a stabilized gully in Nazareno (Brazil) by comparing field assessments with laboratory experiments, using two types of soil (well-developed soil and granite-gneiss saprolite). Both of these showed that the macroscopic behavior of soils is connected with microscopic characteristics. Well-developed soil is more erosion resistant than granite-gneiss saprolite, but the surrounding land uses do not respect these differences. These analyses enable us to explain why this and other gullies in the municipality are apparently stabilized, but soil loss continues to occur. This paper demonstrates that urban and rural expansion played a major role in triggering gully and soil losses.Erosión es un problema crítico en todo el mundo. Este documento evalúa las interacciones de los usos del suelo con la dinámica macroscópica y propiedades microscópicas del suelo frente a la susceptibilidad su erosión. Examinamos la reativación de una cárcava recuperada en la ciudad de Nazareno (Brasil), comparando la evaluación de campo con experimentos de laboratorio utilizando dos tipos de suelo (suelo bien desenvuelto y granito-gneiss saprolito). Ambos demostraron que el comportamiento macroscópico de los suelos esta relacionado con las características microscópicas. Suelo bien desenvuelto es más resistente a la erosión que granito-gneiss saprolito, pero los usos de la tierra de los alrededores no respeta estas diferencias. Estos análisis han permitido explicar por qué este y otras cárcavas del municipio aparentemente se estabilizaron, pero las pierdas de suelo siguen ocurriendo. Se ha demostrado que la expansión urbana y rural desempeñó un papel importante en el desencadenamiento de estas erosiones y pierdas de suelo

Brazilian samples of bee samples pollen: palynological origin, phenolic content, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity

Total phenolic and flavonoids phytochemical concentration was measured in bee pollen samples, Appis Mellifera , as well as their botanical origin, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. Pollen loads were washed with 70% ethanol and identified using a 400x magnification. The content of total polyphenols and flavonoids was measured spectrophotometrically with gallic acid and quercetin as standard. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the linking capacity of (i)the free radical DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), (ii)ORAC and (iii)system β-carotene/linoleic acid. The experiments were performed in triplicate and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. All statistical analysis were performed using the program STATISTICA 8.0 and adopting the significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Were using six samples of dehydrated bee pollen collected in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil during the years of 2010 and 2011. Five families were found in the mixture of bee pollen: Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia , Mimosa scabrella, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Zea mays. Each dried bee pollen sample was composed mainly of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). The variations were (dry basis): 17.64±1.57 to 32.14±2,88 mg GAE/g of bee pollen for phenolic compounds; 2.51±0.28 to 3.71±0.25 mg quercetin/g of pollen for flavonoids concentration; 77.15±0.72 to 90.56% for antioxidant activity (DPPH) and 3.19±0.25 to 4.61±0.33 mg/mL for EC50; 183.42±16.26 to 338.32± 33.38 μmols eq. Trolox/g for ORAC and 68.96±2.75 to 85.90±2.27% for β -carotene/linoleic acid. Samples of pollen, phenolics and flavonoids have the potential biological, showing high antioxidant activity by the three methods used. It was verified that the presence of pollen differentially affected the growth of bacteria Gram-positive, Gram-negative and yeasts under study, depending this on the microorganism and the pollen used in fact, only one after sample was monofloral Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia. This is an important study since; their characterization can increase their economic value. The opinions, hypothesis and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the article are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of FAPESP