No. 7 - The Future of International Trade: An American Perspective

Organized and sponsored by the Dean Rusk Center for International Law and Policy and the University of Georgia’s Terry College of Business, along with the Business Law Society and Graduate Business Association, The Future of International Trade was a daylong conference exploring issues related to the business aspects of international trade, future challenges for trade, and the future of multilateral trade negotiations. Ambassador Demetrios Marantis, deputy U.S. trade representative, served as the keynote speaker for the event

Band Gap Adjustment in Perovskite-type Eu1−xCaxTiO3 via Ammonolysis

Perovskite-type oxynitrides AB(O,N)3 are potential candidates for photoelectrode materials in solar water splitting. A drawback of these materials is their low sintering tendency resulting in low electrical conductivities. Typically, they are prepared by ammonia treatment of insulating, wide band gap oxides. In this study, we propose an approach starting from small band gap oxides Eu1−xCaxTiO3− δ and then widen the band gaps in a controlled way by ammonolysis and partial Ca2+ substitution. Both together induced a distortion of the octahedral network and dilution of the Eu4f and N2p levels in the valence band. The effect is the stronger the more Ca2+ is present. Within the series of samples, Eu0.4Ca0.6Ti(O,N)3 had the most suitable optical band gap (EG ≈ 2.2 eV) for water oxidation. However, its higher Eu content compared to Eu0.1Ca0.9Ti(O,N)3 slowed down the charge carrier dynamics due to enhanced trapping and recombination as expressed by large accumulation (τ on) and decay (τ off) times of the photovoltage of up to 109 s and 486 s, respectively. In contrast, the highly Ca2+-substituted samples (x ≥ 0.7) were more prone to formation of TiN and oxygen vacancies also leading to Ti3+ donor levels below the conduction band. Therefore, a precise control of the ammonolysis temperature is essential, since even small amounts of TiN can suppress the photovoltage generation by fast recombination processes. Water oxidation tests on Eu0.4Ca0.6Ti(O,N)3 revealed a formation of 7.5 μmol O2 from 50 mg powder together with significant photocorrosion of the bare material. Combining crystal structure, chemical composition, and optical and electronical band gap data, a first simplified model of the electronical band structure of Eu1−xCaxTi(O,N)3 could be proposed