Irrigants in endodontic treatment

The aim of root canal treatment is to remove virulence factors from this system. Cleaning and shaping of the root canal are at the outmost importance in endodontic treatment. Canal irrigation during the process of cleaning and shaping can lead to the elimination of microorganism, which are not removable through physical methods. Moreover, during the preparation of root canal, manually and by rotary instruments, the smear layer is created that must be eliminated by irrigants. In the present review article, irrigants were investigated in terms of chemical and biological features and their effective and safe ways of usage, along with some information that have been proposed on recent developments of root canal solutions. Furthermore, this topic has been studied regarding its effect on microorganisms and smear layer. In the present article, a review has been conducted through libraries, PubMed, ISI Web of science, Scopus websites, and Google using keywords such as endodontic treatment, intracanal irrigant, anti-bacterial, chlorhexidine, smear layer, and sodium hypochlorite. Diff erent materials have been introduced as root canal irrigants. Although sodium hypochlorite is the most common material used in the endodontic treatment against root canal microorganism, it has certain disadvantages and limitations and could not entirely remove the smear layer. Therefore, there is no irrigant that is capable of providing all the features of an appropriate irrigant individually. To remove the smear layer, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is required as the final rinse. High-density sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is more effective than 1 and 2% solutions. In order to eliminate the microorganisms of the root canal and the smear layer, it is suggested to use two or more detergents with a proper frequency. Using chlorhexidine as the final detergent creates a lasting impact

Peri-implant diseases: Treatment and management

One of the substantial changes in dentistry is the development of implant science. Along with the development of applications, implant science practitioners will face an inevitable challenge, which is how to deal with such problems. Recently conducted researches are more concentrated on surgical and prosthetic techniques, while the treatment for peri-implant diseases is still incomplete. Therefore, the aim of this review research is to provide a broad and descriptive overview on peri-implant diseases and to suggest the related treatments. Scientific articles were collected by electronic searching through EMBASE and Medline, and since controlled clinical trials were limited in this field, no limitation was imposed on the evaluated articles. Moreover, review articles and meta-analysis were used. For implants that bone resorption has affected 2 mm, surgical methods are proved to be more effective and in the cases which has extended >50% of the implant length, it is better to remove the implant. By increasing the range of annual dental implant, peri-implant diseases have become a serious challenge in this field. The proposed treatment plan will be a manual for dentists regarding on how to deal with implant problems; although further researches are required to approve the proposed protocols