Random Walk Oversampling Technique for Minority Class Classification

Learning classifiers from imbalanced or skewed datasets is an important topic, aris- ing very often in practice in classification problems. In such problems, almost all the instances are labeled as one class, while very few instances are labeled as the other class, usually the more important class. Traditional classifiers trying to achieve an accurate performance over a full range of instances are not suitable to deal with imbalance learning tasks. They tend to classify all the data into the majority class, which is usually the less important class. Researchers have already presented many solutions to this problem both on data and algorithmic level. In this thesis a new approach to deal with imbalanced datasets is presented on the data level. This approach is an oversampling technique which involves generating new samples for the minority class by making a random walk in the dataset. The new samples are generated by some Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithm. Newly generated samples are then added to existing data set in order to balance the ratio between majority and minority class samples

Digitized Engineering Notebook

Digitized Engineering Notebook is a web application that allows students to record their work as they go through the process of their robotics competition. This notebook will portray the same qualities as the current engineering notebook. This digital version of an engineering notebook gives students a platform where they can upload data such as images, texts, videos to a database. Digitized engineering notebook will allow multiple users to log into the system, and work on same project at the same time. This web application will be developed in an open source environment called XAMPP. It will include multiple users. This Notebook can be categorized into queries which can be converted into PDF. The web application will have login credentials for every user and will also allow name-wise search of any user so their progress can be tracked. The functionalities of this Notebook will include a front page with menu, options to create new projects, addition of new members to the project, table of contents, etc., This web application will also contain a calendar so students can mark events. It will have a discussion board where students can interact with each other. The main goal of this web application is to inspire students to learn STEM engineering process. This Digitized Notebook will encourage knowledge sharing. The contents of the Notebook will be easy to query and share. It will allow students to work as a team remotely. This web application will be kids friendly and will allow students from K-12 to use it

Comparative performance of hybrid SCM SAC-OCDMA system using complementary and AND subtraction detection techniques

This paper presents the comparative performance of two detection schemes based on subtraction detection technique for a hybrid scheme of subcarrier multiplexed spectral-amplitude-coding optical code division multiple access (SCM SAC-OCDMA) system. SAC-OCDMA systems are receiving more attention because of their ability to completely eliminate multi access interference by using code sequences with fixed in-phase cross correlation. On the other hand, the SCM scheme is capable of improving the channel data rate of OCDMA systems. This hybrid scheme is proposed for the benefit of combining the advantages of both schemes. Consequently, the hybrid system is robust against interference and is much more spectrally efficient. Double weight code family is a new code structure used for SAC-OCDMA system. The experimental simulation results show that the proposed new AND subtraction detection technique improve the system performance significantly

Estimation of the burden of out-of-hospital traumatic cardiac arrest in Karachi, Pakistan, using a cross-sectional capture-recapture analysis

Background: The burden of trauma-related-out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in developing countries like Pakistan remains largely unexplored due to a lack of organized pre-hospital systems. In order to estimate the burden, we used a two-sample capture-recapture method which has been used in several domains to estimate difficult-to-count populations.Methods: We obtained 3-month data from two sources: Records of two major EMS (emergency medical services) systems and five major hospitals providing coverage to the city\u27s population. All adults with traumatic OHCA were included. Information on variables such as name, age, gender, date and time of arrest, cause of arrest, and destination hospital were obtained for these cases and data were compared to obtain a matched sample. Utilizing an equation and different levels of restrictive criteria, estimates were obtained for burden.Results: The EMS records reported 788 and hospital records reported 344 cases of traumatic OHCA. The capture-recapture analysis estimated the annual traumatic OHCA incidence as 45.7/100,000 (95% CI: 44.2 to 47.3). Estimation of the burden from individual hospital or EMS records underestimated and calculated only 14.6% and 33.9% of the total burden, respectively. Most of the traumatic arrest victims had gunshot wound (GSW) (65.2%) followed by road traffic injuries (RTI) (20.8%).Conclusion: The actual burden of traumatic OHCA in Pakistan is larger than the burden reported by either the hospitals or EMS services alone. Most of the cases occurred due to GSW and RTI. A multipronged approach is required to manage the problem; from prevention to developing organized trauma care systems and training lay responders in pre-hospital trauma care is vital

THE SURVEY OF NUMERICAL METHODS APPLICATION IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION

Numerical methods are the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics in different field including engineering education. The objective of numerical methods is the design and analysis of techniques to give approximate but accurate solutions to hard problems. Ways of computation of numerical methods are either manual or using mathematical software. Manual way of calculation ts hard takes time, and prone to error. Currently, there are mathematical software available in market such as matlab and Maple that are being used in engineering education. However, the limitations with the existing software are that they are expensive, very general and not user-friendly. There are some commands that user needs to learn in order to generate the answer and different software had different command. It becomes difficult when the mathematical problem is complicated Therefore, this research aims to produce mathematical engineering education software that is customized to specific need of students, lecturers, and researchers and more user-friendly. This paper presents a survey of numerical method application in engineering education to find out the most common calculation used by students, lecturers and researchers and to identity their requirements of good numerical methods software. The finding will be used as a basis to develop a numerical methods engineering education software that fulfills the requirement of users

Evaluation of the diuretic potentials of naringenin in hypercholesterolemic rats

Purpose: To investigate the diuretic potentials of naringenin (NGN) in obesity induced in rats by high fat diet (HFD).Methods: To prepare HFD, normal pellet diet was crushed and thoroughly mixed with cholesterol powder (1 % w/w). The mixture was mixed with some water and made into pellets which were then oven-baked to dry. Four groups of male Wistar albino rats (n = 6) were used for the study. Normal control (group I) received normal pellet diet. Group 2 (HFD-only) was fed HFD for 28 days, while Groups 3 and 4 were co-administered HFD and NGN at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. All treatments were given orally, and lasted for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last dose of NGN, blood was collected from all rats and total cholesterol levels determined to confirm obesity. Thereafter, the rats were placed in metabolic cages and urine samples were collected at two time-points (5 and 24 h) for measurement of urine volume, urinary pH, conductivity and electrolyte levels (Na, K and Cl).Results: Treatment with HFD resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum cholesterol level (178.83 ± 5.43 mg/dL) when compared to normal control rats (88.17 ± 4.04 mg/dL). It also led to decrease in urinary volume (~50 %) at both time points (5 and 24 h) and in excretion of urinary electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride ions). However, the changes in these parameters were significantly reversed by NGN administration (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results demonstrate the diuretic activity of NGN in HFD-induced obese rats. Thus, NGN can be further explored for use in combination with hypolipidemic agents to tackle obesity.Keywords: High-fat diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Naringenin, Obesit

Revitalizando o Conforto: projeto de um Sistema HVAC com Eficiência Energética para o Auditório Universitário

Nowadays, thermal comfort is becoming a major problem for people due to increasing global warming and climatic changes, but it can be resolved by the concept of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The purpose of HVAC is to provide occupants with a comfort zone so that they can feel comfortable according to their thermal comfort. The core objective of this study is to design and propose an HVAC system as per actual design conditions for the University Auditorium located in Karachi, Pakistan. A direct Expansion (DX – Type) system is installed in the Auditorium that has exceeded the lifespan of twenty years, refrigerant R-22 which is currently being used has been obsolete due to its high GWP (Global Warming Potential) and ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) values which are 1810 and 0.05 respectively. To achieve the objective of this study, two approaches are employed. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method & Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) software. The cooling load calculated from the CLTD method is 202 kW equivalent to 57.5 Ton of Refrigeration (TR). On the other side, the cooling load calculated from HAP software is 192.8 kW equivalent to 55 TR. By considering the calculated cooling load for the University Auditorium, two different HVAC systems are proposed, based on Water cooled and Air-cooled Vapor Compression Cycle. After this study, engineers will be able to design an HVAC system for any facility as per design conditions. Also, they can propose different cost-effective and energy-efficient HVAC systems for that particular space.Hoy en día, el confort térmico se está convirtiendo en un gran problema para las personas debido al aumento del calentamiento global y los cambios climáticos, pero puede ser resuelto por el concepto de sistemas de Calefacción, Ventilación y Aire Acondicionado (HVAC). El objetivo de HVAC es proporcionar a los ocupantes una zona de confort para que puedan sentirse cómodos de acuerdo con su confort térmico. El objetivo central de este estudio es diseñar y proponer un sistema HVAC según las condiciones de diseño reales para el Auditorio Universitario ubicado en Karachi, Pakistán. En el Auditorio se encuentra instalado un sistema de Expansión Directa (Tipo DX) que ha superado la vida útil de veinte años, el refrigerante R-22 que se utiliza actualmente ha quedado obsoleto por su alto GWP (Global Warming Potential) y ODP (Ozone Depletion Potencial) valores que son 1810 y 0.05 respectivamente. Para lograr el objetivo de este estudio, se emplean dos enfoques. Método de diferencia de temperatura de carga de enfriamiento (CLTD) y software de programa de análisis por hora (HAP). La carga de refrigeración calculada a partir del método CLTD es de 202 kW equivalente a 57,5 Toneladas de Refrigeración (TR). Por otro lado, la carga de refrigeración calculada a partir del software HAP es de 192,8 kW equivalente a 55 TR. Al considerar la carga de enfriamiento calculada para el Auditorio Universitario, se proponen dos sistemas HVAC diferentes, basados en el ciclo de compresión de vapor enfriado por agua y enfriado por aire. Después de este estudio, los ingenieros podrán diseñar un sistema HVAC para cualquier instalación según las condiciones de diseño. Además, pueden proponer diferentes sistemas HVAC rentables y energéticamente eficientes para ese espacio en particular.Hoje em dia, o conforto térmico está a tornar-se um grande problema para as pessoas devido ao aumento do aquecimento global e às alterações climáticas, mas pode ser resolvido pelo conceito de sistemas de Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar Condicionado (HVAC). O objetivo do HVAC é proporcionar aos ocupantes uma zona de conforto para que se sintam confortáveis de acordo com o seu conforto térmico. O objetivo principal deste estudo é projetar e propor um sistema HVAC de acordo com as condições reais de projeto para o Auditório Universitário localizado em Karachi, Paquistão. No Auditório está instalado um sistema de Expansão Direta (Tipo DX) que ultrapassou sua vida útil de vinte anos. O refrigerante R-22 atualmente utilizado tornou-se obsoleto devido ao seu alto GWP (Potencial de Aquecimento Global) e ODP (Depleção de Ozônio). Potencial) valores que são 1810 e 0,05 respectivamente. Para atingir o objetivo deste estudo, duas abordagens são utilizadas. Método de diferença de temperatura de carga de resfriamento (CLTD) e software de programa de análise horária (HAP). A carga de resfriamento calculada a partir do método CLTD é de 202 kW equivalente a 57,5 toneladas de refrigeração (TR). Por outro lado, a carga de refrigeração calculada a partir do software HAP é de 192,8 kW equivalente a 55 TR. Ao considerar a carga de refrigeração calculada para o Auditório Universitário, são propostos dois sistemas HVAC diferentes, baseados no ciclo de compressão de vapor refrigerado a água e arrefecido a ar. Após este estudo, os engenheiros serão capazes de projetar um sistema HVAC para qualquer instalação com base nas condições de projeto. Além disso, eles podem propor diferentes sistemas HVAC econômicos e energeticamente eficientes para esse espaço específico

A New Subspecies Identification and Population Study of the Asian Small-Clawed Otter ( Aonyx cinereus

Three species of otter can be found throughout Malay Peninsula: Aonyx cinereus, Lutra sumatrana, and Lutrogale perspicillata. In this study, we focused on the A. cinereus population that ranges from the southern and the east coast to the northern regions of Malay Peninsula up to southern Thailand to review the relationships between the populations based on the mitochondrial D-loop region. Forty-eight samples from six populations were recognized as Johor, Perak, Terengganu, Kelantan, Ranong, and Thale Noi. Among the 48 samples, 33 were identified as A. cinereus, seven as L. sumatrana, and eight as L. perspicillata. Phylogenetically, two subclades formed for A. cinereus. The first subclade grouped all Malay Peninsula samples except for samples from Kelantan, and the second subclade grouped Kelantan samples with Thai sample. Genetic distance analysis supported the close relationships between Thai and Kelantan samples compared to the samples from Terengganu and the other Malaysian states. A minimum-spanning network showed that Kelantan and Thailand formed a haplogroup distinct from the other populations. Our results show that Thai subspecies A. cinereus may have migrated to Kelantan from Thai mainland. We also suggest the classification of a new subspecies from Malay Peninsula, the small-clawed otter named A. cinereus kecilensis