194 research outputs found
The Co-occurrence of child and intimate partner maltreatment in the family: characteristics of the violent perpetrators
This study considers the characteristics associated with mothers and fathers who maltreat their child and each other in comparison to parents who only maltreat their child. One hundred and sixty-two parents who had allegations of child maltreatment made against them were considered. The sample consisted of 43 fathers (Paternal FamilyâPF) and 23 mothers (Maternal FamilyâMF) who perpetrated both partner and child maltreatment, together with 23 fathers (Paternal ChildâPC) and 26 mothers (Maternal ChildâMC) who perpetrated child maltreatment only. In addition, 2 fathers (Paternal VictimâPV) and 23 mothers (Maternal VictimâMV) were victims of intimate partner maltreatment and perpetrators of child maltreatment and 7 fathers (Paternal Non-abusive CarerâPNC) and 15 mothers (Maternal Non-abusive CarerâMNC) did not maltreat the child but lived with an individual who did. Within their family unit, 40.7% of parents perpetrated both intimate partner and child maltreatment. However, fathers were significantly more likely to maltreat both their partner and child than mothers and mothers were significantly more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than fathers. PF fathers conducted the highest amount of physical and/or sexual child maltreatment while MC and MV mothers perpetrated the highest amount of child neglect. Few significant differences between mothers were found. PF fathers had significantly more factors associated with development of a criminogenic lifestyle than PC fathers. Marked sex differences were demonstrated with PF fathers demonstrating significantly more antisocial characteristics, less mental health problems and fewer feelings of isolation than MF mothers. MC mothers had significantly more childhood abuse, mental health problems, parenting risk factors and were significantly more likely to be biologically related to the child than PC fathers. This study suggests that violent families should be assessed and treated in a holistic manner, considering the effects of partner violence upon all family members, rather than exclusively intervening with the violent man
Precariousness, gender, resistance and consent in the face of global production networkâs âReformsâ of Pakistanâs garment manufacturing industry
This case study of the restructuring of Pakistanâs garment manufacturing industry explores how attempts to increase capitalâs control over the labour process intersect with local patriarchal structures and trigger workersâ reflexivity and agency causing unanticipated consequences. Using Archerâs notion of agency, the article examines the theoretical space where capitalism meets patriarchy, and both are reproduced. The focus on reflexivity, anchored between objective contexts and agentsâ personal concerns, helps theorize capitalâlabourâgender relations in global supply chains and explains workersâ impactful resistance to protect a supposedly precarious work regime. Our findings challenge the notion that globalization reduces workersâ agency and their potential for impactful resistance
An exploration into the impact of exposure to community violence and hope on children's perceptions of well-being: a South African perspective
The study aims to explore the relationship between exposure to community
violence, hope, and well-being. More specifically, the study aims to ascertain whether
hope is a stronger predictor of well-being than exposure to violence. Stratified
random sampling was used to select a sample of 566 adolescents aged 14â17 years,
from both high violence and low violence areas in Cape Town, South Africa. A
questionnaire consisting of Snyderâs Childrenâs Hope Scale, the Recent Exposure to
Violence Scale and the KIDSCREEN-52 was used. Data analysis techniques included
descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple regression. A positive, significant
relationship was found between childrenâs hope and their well-being. Although
exposure to community violence was found to be significantly correlated with wellbeing,
the relationship was negligible.While exposure to community violence and hope
were found to be significant predictors of well-being, hope emerged as a stronger
predictor of child well-being than exposure to community violence.Department of HE and Training approved lis
Systematic, comprehensive, evidence-based approach to identify neuroprotective interventions for motor neuron disease: using systematic reviews to inform expert consensus
Objectives: Motor neuron disease (MND) is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease with limited treatment options. There is a pressing need for innovation in identifying therapies to take to clinical trial. Here, we detail a systematic and structured evidence-based approach to inform consensus decision making to select the first two drugs for evaluation in Motor Neuron Disease-Systematic Multi-arm Adaptive Randomised Trial (MND-SMART: NCT04302870), an adaptive platform trial. We aim to identify and prioritise candidate drugs which have the best available evidence for efficacy, acceptable safety profiles and are feasible for evaluation within the trial protocol. Methods: We conducted a two-stage systematic review to identify potential neuroprotective interventions. First, we reviewed clinical studies in MND, Alzheimerâs disease, Huntingtonâs disease, Parkinsonâs disease and multiple sclerosis, identifying drugs described in at least one MND publication or publications in two or more other diseases. We scored and ranked drugs using a metric evaluating safety, efficacy, study size and study quality. In stage two, we reviewed efficacy of drugs in MND animal models, multicellular eukaryotic models and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) studies. An expert panel reviewed candidate drugs over two shortlisting rounds and a final selection round, considering the systematic review findings, late breaking evidence, mechanistic plausibility, safety, tolerability and feasibility of evaluation in MND-SMART. Results: From the clinical review, we identified 595 interventions. 66 drugs met our drug/disease logic. Of these, 22 drugs with supportive clinical and preclinical evidence were shortlisted at round 1. Seven drugs proceeded to round 2. The panel reached a consensus to evaluate memantine and trazodone as the first two arms of MND-SMART. Discussion: For future drug selection, we will incorporate automation tools, text-mining and machine learning techniques to the systematic reviews and consider data generated from other domains, including high-throughput phenotypic screening of human iPSCs
Supporting the education and wellbeing of children looked-after: what is the role of the virtual school?
The Children and Families Act (2014) placed a statutory responsibility on local authorities in the United Kingdom to establish a Virtual School Headteacher with the role of championing the education of all children looked-after within that authority. The current research was designed to illuminate how Virtual Schools are currently supporting educational outcomes for children looked-after, not only through educational interventions, but also through supporting broader psychological factors that might impact on attainment such as attachment, relationships and mental health. Virtual School Head Teachers from 29 local authorities completed an online survey about the services they provided to three target groups â children looked-after, foster carers and schools â with a particular focus on the transition years from primary to secondary school, which have been identified as being a difficult time for children looked-after. Using inductive thematic analysis four overarching themes to service provision were identified: Enhanced learning opportunities; Specific Transition Support; Wellbeing and Relationships, and Raising Awareness. Direct work, interprofessional working and the development of supportive environments, particularly guided by attachment theory, were identified as important areas of practice. Practice is discussed in relation to resilience and ecological systems theory and suggestions for future research are identified
Generalization effects of hostile verb reinforcement as a function of stimulus similarity and type of reinforcer
Studies of Verbal Conditioning: I. Effects of Age, Sex, Intelligence, and "Reinforcing Stimuli"1
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