Comparison of the current LHC Collimators and the SLAC Phase 2 Collimator Impedances

One of the key sources of transverse impedance in the LHC has been the secondary graphite collimators that sit close to the beam at all energies. This limits the stable bunch intensity due to transverse coupled-bunch instabilities and transverse mode coupling instability. To counteract this, new secondary collimators have been proposed for the phase II upgrade of the LHC collimation system. A number of designs based on different jaw materials and mechanical designs have been proposed. A comparison of the beam coupling impedance of these different designs derived from simulations are presented, with reference to the existing phase I secondary collimator design

Evaluation of the Beam Coupling Impedance of New Beam Screen Designs for the LHC Injection Kicker Magnets

During the 2011 run of the LHC there was a significant measured temperature increase in the LHC Injection Kicker Magnets (MKI) during operation with 50ns bunch spacing. This was due to increased beam-induced heating of the magnet due to beam impedance. Due to concerns about future heating with the increased total intensity to nominal and ultimate luminosities a review of the impedance reduction techniques within the magnet was required. A number of new beam screen designs are proposed and their impedance evaluated. Heating estimates are also given with a particular attention paid to future intensity upgrades to ultimate parameters

Coaxial Wire Measurements of Ferrite Kicker Magnets

Fast kicker magnets are used to inject beam into and eject beam out of the CERN accelerator rings. These kickers are generally transmission line type magnets with a rectangular shaped aperture through which the beam passes. Unless special precautions are taken the impedance of the yoke can provoke significant beam induced heating, especially for high intensities. In addition the impedance may contribute to beam instabilities. The results of longitudinal and transverse impedance measurements, for various kicker magnets, are presented and compared with analytical calculations: in addition predictions from a numerical analysis are discussed

Effect of Crab cavity HOMs on the coupled-bunch stability of HL-LHC

High frequency High Order Modes can significantly affect the coupled-bunch stability in a circular accelerator. With a large enough shunt impedance they may drive a coupled-bunch transverse instability. We have developed an analytical model and implemented it in the NHT Vlasov solver. The results show that the instability is characterized by the excitation of many azimuthal intra-bunch modes, which have similar growth rates, that make the traditional remedies such as a flat resistive feedback and chromaticity inefficient in suppressing it. For the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider this could result in a significant increase of the stabilizing Landau octupole current, up to $\sim 100$ A ($\sim 20\%$ of the maximum available current). In order to limit the increase below 10 A ($\sim 2\%$), the transverse shunt impedance has to be kept below 1 M$\Omega$/m

Collimator impedance measurements in the LHC

The collimation system of the LHC is one of the largest impedance contributors of the machine, in particular for its imaginary part. To evaluate the collimator impedance and its evolution with integrated luminosity, several measurement campaigns were performed along the year 2012, in which collimator jaws were moved back-and-forth leading to significant tune shifts for a nominal intensity bunch in the machine. These observations are compared to the results from HEADTAIL simulations with the impedance model in its current state of development.Asian Committee for Future Accelerators (ACFA),American Physical Society Division of Physics of Beams (APS-DPB),Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),European Physical Society Accelerator Group (EPS-AG).peer-reviewe

Roman Pot insertions in high-intensity beams for the CT-PPS project at LHC

In 2015 the Roman Pots (RPs) of the CMS-TOTEM Precision Proton Spectrometer in the LHC Interaction Region 5 successfully approached the 6.5 TeV beam in regular fills (β∗ = 0.8 m) to distances of 25 beam width sigmas at all intensity steps reached during that running season, i.e. up to 2244 bunches producing a luminosity of 4.8 × 1033 cm-2s-1. Given that earlier insertion tests at low β∗ before the Long Shutdown 1 (LS1) had suffered from impedance heating at the RPs, this first-time achievement proves the effectiveness of the impedance mitigation actions undertaken in LS1 and represents an important milestone towards physics production at distances as small as 15 sigmas. This contribution reviews the diagnostic measurements assessing debris showers and beam impedance effects, i.e. the data from Beam Loss Monitors, beam vacuum gauges and temperature sensors. The dependences of the observables on luminosity or beam current are shown. Extrapolations to higher luminosities and smaller distances to the beam do not indicate any fundamental problems. Finally the plans for 2016 are outlined.ALBA-Cells,AS,CEA Saclay,CERN,Cockcroft Institute,et al.peer-reviewe

Magnetization on rough ferromagnetic surfaces

Journal ArticleUsing Ising-model Monte Carlo simulations, we show a strong dependence of surface magnetization on surface roughness. On ferromagnetic surfaces with spin-exchange coupling larger than that of the bulk, the surface magnetic ordering temperature decreases toward the bulk Curie temperature with increasing roughness. For surfaces with spin-exchange coupling smaller than that of the bulk, a crossover behavior occurs: at low temperature, the surface magnetization decreases with increasing roughness; at high temperature, the reverse is true

Comments on Crab Cavity HOM Power

Due to large beam current in the LHC and the luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC) which will further double the current, higher order mode (HOM) power of the superconducting crab cavities can easily reach a few kilowatts in the worst case scenario of resonant excitation. This report aims at estimating the HOM power to be extracted for a generalized HOM of crab cavity with realistic filling schemes in the LHC

The HL-LHC Impedance Model and Aspects of Beam Stability

The LHC upgrade to the HLLHC foresees new challenging operational scenarios from the beam dynamics point of view. In order to ensure good machine operation and performance, the machine impedance, among other possible sources of instabilities like beam-beam and electron cloud, needs to be carefully quantified profiting also from the current LHC operation. In this work we present the HLLHC impedance model mainly focusing on the contribution of low-impedance collimators and crab cavities: the first reduces the broad-band impedance baseline thanks to the higher jaw material conductivity, the second increases the machine luminosity at the price of increasing the coupled bunch stabilizing octupole current threshold. Other elements like the injection protection absorber (TDI) will be also discussed