El latín de Extremadura a partir de las inscripciones

Se realiza un análisis lingüístico de esas inscripciones cuyos contenidos son relevantes para el estudio histórico y social de la región. Las principales características lingüísticas de estas inscripciones son las siguientes: hay pocos vulgarismos, hay arcaísmos y elementos prerromanos que no siguen el norma del latín. Las conclusiones que pueden inferirse de estos datos son: el latín de estas inscripción es el utilizado por los primeros soldados y colonizadores que se asentaron en esta zona. Este latín permaneció libre de vulgarismos de o los cambios experimentados por el latín de, por ejemplo, Italia, debido a que su base social era conservadora. Este carácter conservador también se manifiesta en el hecho de que un buea parte de la lengua previamente hablada en el área, probablemente celta, se conserva.This is a linguistíc analysis of those inscriptíons whose contents are relevant for the historical and social study of the region The main linguistíc features of these inscriptíons are the following: There are few vulgarisms, there are archaisms and pre-Roman elements which do not follow the Latín norm. And the conclusions which might be inferred from these data are: The Latín of these inscriptíon is the one used by the first soldiers and colonizers who settled in this area. This Latín remained free from the vulgarisms of or the changes undergone by the Latín of, for instance, Italy, because its social basis was conservative. This conservatíve character is also manifest in the fact that quite a few traist of the language previously spoken in the area, probably Celtíc, were preserved

El superlativo relativo, ¿comparativo o superlativo?. Una vieja polémica gramatical

Since Greek authors is has been traditionally agreed that comparison is a three degree-system: positive, comparative and superlative. Doctrine also argues that superlative can compare, specially in case of relative superlative, which compares a term with another of the same category. According to this doctrine, relative superlative is, therefore, a comparative rather than an elative. Against this traditional idea, the most rational grammatic since Prisciano to Brocense argues that superlative, even the relative one, is superlative and not comparative and that the genitive that sometimes depends on it is not a second term of comparison, but a partitive. This idea is based on two arguments: first, the functions which doctrine ascribes to relative superlative -for example, to connect a term with another of the same category- can also be worded by a comparatife and, hence, superlative is not needed for this function and the compolement which depends on a comparative is not a second term of comparison but a partitive, so that the complement which depends on a relative superlative must be aso partitive and not comparative. Second, it is necessary to prove with some texts that tripartite system of comparison, in fact does not exist: that is to say that texts and facts demonstrate that comparative is comparative and superlative, even relative superlative, is superlative. We believe that true is, as always, in aurea mediocritas

Choque entre sistema y uso. Hechos del nivel pragmático

En ciertos usos de las categorías gramaticales sucede, por motivos fundamentalmente pragmáticos, es decir, debido al nivel de locución o al de los generadores de mensajes en su propia producción del lenguaje, que el valor de un identificador a nivel de uso o de habla no concuerda con el valor de su identificador en el nivel de lengua o de gramática, de hecho, no sólo puede ser diferente, sino que es totalmente opuesto (un plural con un significado singular, un pasado con el significado de presente; un pasado con el sentido de previamente que “se utiliza con el significado de después”; lo irreal que significa real, etc.) Es decir, el sentido de una unidad gramatical "frente al nivel del discurso con su valor en el plano gramatical”. En estos casos, lo siguiente ocurre a menudo, como esperamos mostrar: cuando hay un choque entre el valor de un elemento de un sistema gramatical y su valor de uso particular, el tema pierde su valor y adquiere uno nuevo o una nueva función. Esto se explica casi siempre desde un punto de vista pragmático, es decir, desde la perspectiva particular, el grado de intensidad, emoción o énfasis, del generador del mensaje.In certain uses of grammatical categories, and for fundamentally pragmatic reasons, that is, because of the degree of a speaker or message-producer's involvement in his own language production, it happens that the value of a token at the level of use or speech does not accord with the value of a token at the level of langue or grammar; indeed, it may not simply be different but completely opposite (a plural with a singular meaning; a past with present meaning; a tense which in the system means previously' used with the meaning of after'; the unreal which means real, etc.). That is, the meaning of a grammatical 'unit at the speech level clashes with its value at the grammatical level. In these cases, as we hope to show, the following often happens: when there is a clash between the value of an item in a grammatical system and its value in a particular use, that item loses its system value and takes on a new value in another system or a new function. This can nearly always be explained from a pragmatic point of view; that is, from the particular perspective, the degree of intensity, emotion or emphasis, of the message-producer.notPeerReviewe

Antroponimia cacereña en la epigrafía latina: la geminación

Se realiza un análisis de los antropónimos que aparecen en la epigrafía de época romana en la provincia de Cáceres desde un punto de vista morfológico, atendiendo sobre todo al fenómeno de la geminación, determinando que dicha geminación es frecuente tanto en la raíz de los nombres como en sufijos.In this article is made an analysis about the anthroponyms that appear in the roman epigraphs era in the province of Caceres from a morphological point of view, based on the phenomenon of gemination, determining that such gemination is common both in the root of the names as in suffixes

Nebrija reformado en inglés. Johannes Hawkins (1631)

En el año 1631 aparece en Londres una Sintaxis latina, obra de un médico llamado Johannes Hawkins, que es, en su mayor parte, una traducción al inglés del libro IV, o libro de la Sintaxis, de la Gramática latina de Nebrija, pero del Arte reformada por el padre jesuita Juan Luis de la Cerda. El interés de esta obra, interés que ponemos de relieve en este trabajo, está en los siguientes datos: en primer lugar, el propio hecho de que se traduzca al inglés la Gramática latina de Nebrija es importante para la historia de esta obra que tantas veces fue editada en los siglos XVI y XVII. En segundo lugar, es de interés el hecho de que sólo se traduzca al inglés el libro de la Sintaxis y no el resto de la obra de Nebrija: ello es indicio de modernidad. En tercer lugar, es significativo que, si bien es indicio de modernidad traducir sólo la sintaxis, se prescinde, en ella, de uno de sus pilares doctrinales: la doctrina sobre las figuras gramaticales; ello sólo se explica por el deseo del traductor, Hawkins, de alejarse y distinguirse de otro médico y gramático inglés, Linacro, quien había introducido en la teoría gramatical del xvi la doctrina sobre las figuras gramaticales. Y en cuarto lugar, el traductor introduce, en una gramática latina, datos de las lenguas de la Biblia y del Corán (hebreo, arameo, árabe): ello es un dato que indica la conexión entre lengua y religión en algunos estudios de la época.In 1631 a Latin Syntax appeared in London, written by a doctor called Johannes Hawkins. Most of the content of this work is a translation to English of the book iv, or “libro de la Sintaxis” of Nebrija’s Latin Grammar, particularly of the Jesuit Juan Luis de la Cerda’s reformed Ars. The interest of this work, that we would like to highlight here, is given by the following issues: first of all, the fact that Nebrijas’s Grammar is translated to English is itself important for this work history that was repeatedly edited in 16th and 17th centuries. Secondly, it is also interesting the fact that only the Syntax book is translated the and not the rest of Nebrija’s work: that is an evidence of modernity. In third place, it is noteworthy that, although translating only the Syntax is interpreted like a sign of modernity, this also disregards one of its doctrinal basis: the doctrine on the grammatical figures; this can only be explained through a deliberate desire of the author, Hawkins, of moving further away and differentiate from another English doctor and grammarian, Linacer, who had introduced in the theoretical Grammar of the 16th century the doctrine on grammatical figures. Finally, the translator introduces, in a Latin Grammar, data about the languages of the Bible and the Koran (Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic): this is also a sign that shows the connection between language and religion in some of the studies at that time.Realizado en el marco del Proyecto de investigación "Teoría y enseñanza de la gramática latina en Europa durante los siglos XVI y XVII" (HUM 2005-01420)peerReviewe

Automatic privacy and utility evaluation of anonymized documents via deep learning

Text anonymization methods are evaluated by comparing their outputs with human-based anonymizations through standard information retrieval (IR) metrics. On the one hand, the residual disclosure risk is quantified with the recall metric, which gives the proportion of re-identifying terms successfully detected by the anonymization algorithm. On the other hand, the preserved utility is measured with the precision metric, which accounts the proportion of masked terms that were also annotated by the human experts. Nevertheless, because these evaluation metrics were meant for information retrieval rather than privacy-oriented tasks, they suffer from several drawbacks. First, they assume a unique ground truth, and this does not hold for text anonymization, where several masking choices could be equally valid to prevent re-identification. Second, annotation-based evaluation relies on human judgements, which are inherently subjective and may be prone to errors. Finally, both metrics weight terms uniformly, thereby ignoring the fact that the influence on the disclosure risk or on utility preservation of some terms may be much larger than of others. To overcome these drawbacks, in this thesis we propose two novel methods to evaluate both the disclosure risk and the utility preserved in anonymized texts. Our approach leverages deep learning methods to perform this evaluation automatically, thereby not requiring human annotations. For assessing disclosure risks, we propose using a re-identification attack, which we define as a multi-class classification task built on top of state-of-the art language models. To make it feasible, the attack has been designed to capture the means and computational resources expected to be available at the attacker's end. For utility assessment, we propose a method that measures the information loss incurred during the anonymization process, which relies on a neural masked language modeling. We illustrate the effectiveness of our methods by evaluating the disclosure risk and retained utility of several well-known techniques and tools for text anonymization on a common dataset. Empirical results show significant privacy risks for all of them (including manual anonymization) and consistently proportional utility preservation

El género de los "de viris illustribus" de Jerónimo a Ildefonso de Toledo: su finalidad.

De San Jerónimo a Ildefonso, el propósito y la intención de las biografías sobre hombres ilustres han cambiado de acuerdo a los intereses de los respectivos momentos en los que se han escrito estas biografías: en el siglo IV cuando el contraste entre la cultura cristiana y la cultura pagana es ardiente, Jerónimo insiste principalmente en escritores; deja que prevalezca el criterio literario. En el siglo V cuando florece la vida monástica y surgen las herejías centradas en los problemas cristológicos, Genadio insiste sobre todo en los monjes que escriben textos monásticos y en los autores de escritos heréticos. En el inicio del siglo VII, cuando por un lado, la memoria del arrianismo sigue viva en la Hispania visigoda y, en el otro lado, la conciencia de un Hispania importante para la concordancia del mundo occidental romano y latino ya emergente, Isidoro todavía insiste en autores de escritos heréticos. Pero él agrega ya el tema de los obispos y autores de la España visigótica. Y a mediados del siglo VII, finalmente, cuando el poder de la Monarquía visigoda en España se ha consolidado, con sede en Toledo, Ildefonso sólo está interesado en los obispos con sede en España y especialmente en Toledo.From Jerome to Ildephonse, the purpose and intention of the biographies about illustrious men have changed according to the interests of the respective moments in which these biographies are written: in the fourth century, when the contrast between the Christian culture and the Pagan Culture is ardent, Jerome insists chiefly on writers; he lets the literary criterion prevail. In the fifth century, when monastic life flourishes and heresies centring the christologic problems arise, Gennadius insists particularly on monks who write monastic texts and authors of heresiological writings. In the beginning of the seventh century, when, on the one hand, the memory of Arianism is still vivid in Visigothic Hispania and, on the other hand, the consciousness of an Hispania important for the concordance of the Roman and Latin Western world already emerges, Isidore still insists on authors of heresiological writings. But he already adds the theme of the bishops and authors of Visigothic Spain. And in the middle of the seventh century, finally, when the power of the Visigothic Monarchy in Spain has been consolidated, with seat in Toledo, Ildephonse is only interested in the bishops with seat in Spain and especially in Toledo