[11C]fosgeenin valmistus ja käyttö radiokemiassa

[11C]fosgeeni on PET-radiokemiassa käytetty leimauslähtöaine. Sillä voidaan liittää yhteen amiineja tai amiineja ja alkoholeja muodostaen [11C]urea- tai [11C]karbamaattirakenteita. Lisäksi [11C]fosgeenilla voidaan valmistaa 11C-leimattuja heterosyklisiä rengasrakenteita. Näiden rakenteiden leimaaminen on tärkeää, sillä niitä esiintyy runsaasti PET menetelmän näkökulmasta kiinnostavissa, biologisesti aktiivisissa molekyyleissä. [11C]fosgeenin valmistaminen on aina ollut haastavaa. Sen valmistus vaatii runsaasti tilaa vievää laitteistoa ja aiempien valmistusmenetelmien toistettavuus on usein ollut heikkoa. Näistä syistä [11C]fosgeenin käyttö on rajoittunut vain muutamaan laboratorioon maailmassa. Leimauslähtöaineena [11C]fosgeeni on kuitenkin kiinnostava sen reaktiivisuuden puolesta. Korkea reaktiivisuus mahdollistaa nopean leimauskemian, joka on hiili-11:n lyhyen puoliintumisajan (20,4 minuuttia) näkökulmasta tärkeää. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli valmistaa lähtöainemolekyyli, joka [11C]fosgeenilla leimattaessa muodostaisi [11C]tymiinin. [11C]fosgeeni oli tarkoitus valmistaa tutkimusryhmän kehittämällä uudella menetelmällä. Menetelmässä [11C]hiilidioksidi pelkistetään [11C]hiilimonoksidiksi disilaanivälitteisellä reaktiolla, jonka jälkeen [11C]hiilimonoksidi kloorataan [11C]fosgeeniksi UV-aktivoidusti. Pelkistysreaktio on parannus aiempiin menetelmiin, sillä se mahdollistaa nopean ja toistettavan pelkistysreaktion vain vähän tilaa vievässä reaktioastiassa. [11C]fosgeenia valmistettiin onnistuneesti ja toistettavasti uudella valmistusmenetelmällä. Myös [11C]tymiinin valmistamisessa onnistuttiin

Testing the modified CREAMS/GLEAMS model for pesticide concentration in soil

The accuracy of simulating the trifluralin concentrations in a clay soil and in a loamy sand soil with the modified CREAMS/GLEAMS model has been tested by comparing them with observed values. The simulated concentrations in the soils were in good agreement with those observed in the first weeks after application. In the long run the simulated concentrations decreased faster than the observed ones. In addition, the sensitivity of the model to variations of two pesticide parameters has been analyzed: the pesticide adsorption coefficient for organic carbon and the pesticide degradation rate expressed as half-life in soil. The variation in the two pesticide parameters had a considerable effect on the model output. Especially large were the effects of the adsorption coefficient on the pesticide concentration in the percolated water leaving the root zone

Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) induced host ADAM8 expression in human salivary adenocarcinoma cell line (HSY) during cell fusion

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of the study was to investigate expression of ADAMs (A Disintegrin and A Metalloproteinase) of host cell origin during cell-cell fusion induced by human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Induction of host cell ADAM9 was observed in GMK cells, but the applicability of this model was restricted by lack of cross-reactivity of the anti-human ADAM8 antibodies with the corresponding green monkey antigens. HSG cells were not susceptible to HPIV2 virus infection. In contrast, in human parotid gland HSY cells, a natural host cell for paramyxoviruses, HPIV2 induced ADAM8 expression. ADAM8 staining increased dramatically over time from 7.9 ± 3% at zero hours to 99.2 ± 0.8% at 72 hours (p = 0.0001). Without HPIV2 the corresponding percentages were only 7.7% and 8.8%. Moreover, ADAM8 positive cells formed bi- (16.2%) and multinuclear cells (3.5%) on day one and the corresponding percentages on day three were 15.6% for binuclear and 57.2% for multinuclear cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>ADAM8, well recognized for participation in cell-to-cell fusion especially in osteoclast formation, is up-regulated upon formation of multinuclear giant cells after HPIV2 induction in HSY cells. The virus-HSY cell system provides a novel experimental model for study of the molecular mechanism of cell fusion events.</p

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen's Australasian Cockatoo: Symbol of Detente between East and West and Evidence of the Ayyubids' Global Reach

Frederick II of Sicily made contact with the Kurdish al-Malik Muhammad al-Kamil in 1217-a year before al-Malik became sultan of Egypt. The two rulers communicated regularly over the following twenty years, exchanging letters, books and rare and exotic animals. The focus of this article is the Sulphur-crested or Yellow-crested Cockatoo the sultan sent Frederick. A written description and four sketches of this parrot survive in a mid thirteenth-century manuscript in the Vatican Library. This article reviews these images, revealing that Australasian cockatoos were present in the Middle East in the medieval period and exploring how and why one reached Europe in the mid thirteenth century

Married and Cohabiting Finnish First-time Parents : differences in wellbeing, social support and infant health

Cohabitation is more common than marriage when couples are expecting their first child in Finland. However, little is known about possible differences in wellbeing between the two groups. In this study, we examined differences in parental wellbeing, relationship satisfaction, infant health outcomes, and use of social support among cohabiting and married first-time parents. Survey data was collected from 903 parents during pregnancy and at one month postpartum. Cohabiting parents had more depressive symptoms than married parents. They were also less satisfied with their relationships and expressed less satisfaction with the quality of support they got from their partner. Cohabiting fathers did not use the cost-free support from maternity clinics as often as married fathers. Our results show differences in well-being between married and cohabiting first-time parents and that the support from maternity clinics should better acknowledge diversity and address the different needs of different types of families.Peer reviewe

Married and Cohabiting Finnish First-Time Parents: Differences in Wellbeing, Social Support and Infant Health

Cohabitation is more common than marriage when couples are expecting their first child in Finland. However, little is known about possible differences in wellbeing between the two groups. In this study, we examined differences in parental wellbeing, relationship satisfaction, infant health outcomes, and use of social support among cohabiting and married first-time parents. Survey data was collected from 903 parents during pregnancy and at one month postpartum. Cohabiting parents had more depressive symptoms than married parents. They were also less satisfied with their relationships and expressed less satisfaction with the quality of support they got from their partner. Cohabiting fathers did not use the cost-free support from maternity clinics as often as married fathers. Our results show differences in well-being between married and cohabiting first-time parents and that the support from maternity clinics should better acknowledge diversity and address the different needs of different types of families

Parent Relationship Satisfaction and Reflective Functioning as Predictors of Emotional Availability and Infant Behavior

Marital and parenting systems are likely to interact during the first year of an infant's life. This study examines the longitudinal interrelations of relationship satisfaction and parental reflective functioning (PRF) and their predictive relations with later emotional availability (EA) and infant social-emotional behaviors (SEB) including skills as well as behavioral problems among first-time Finnish mothers and fathers (n = 556). The follow-up period was between three and 12 months. In addition to having direct effects, we examined a mediational model in which self-reports on PRF factors of interest and curiosity and appropriateness of reasoning would mediate the effects of previous relationship satisfaction to the parent and dyadic side of EA and infant SEB at 12 months. The results show significant stability for relationship satisfaction and PRF for both mothers and fathers as well as direct effects on EA and SEB. However, we found differences between mothers and fathers. For mothers, path analysis indicated support for a mediational model where earlier relationship satisfaction predicted later EA and infant problem behaviors also through the current level of PRF. For fathers, both relationship satisfaction and PRF had direct, but not mediated, effects, and on both infant problem behaviors as well as infant social competence. Together, despite these differences, focusing clinically on both relationship satisfaction and PRF may prove significant in preventing later relational and/or infant difficulties in SEB for both mothers and fathers