Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead

There is growing interest in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a novel treatment option for substance-use disorders (SUDs). Recent momentum stems from a foundation of preclinical neuroscience demonstrating links between neural circuits and drug consuming behavior, as well as recent FDA-approval of NIBS treatments for mental health disorders that share overlapping pathology with SUDs. As with any emerging field, enthusiasm must be tempered by reason; lessons learned from the past should be prudently applied to future therapies. Here, an international ensemble of experts provides an overview of the state of transcranial-electrical (tES) and transcranial-magnetic (TMS) stimulation applied in SUDs. This consensus paper provides a systematic literature review on published data – emphasizing the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures while suggesting strategies to help bridge knowledge gaps. The goal of this effort is to provide the community with guidelines for best practices in tES/TMS SUD research. We hope this will accelerate the speed at which the community translates basic neuroscience into advanced neuromodulation tools for clinical practice in addiction medicine

Scanning tuneling microscopy tip-dependent image contrast of S/Pt(111) by controlled atom transfer

Sudden changes in the detailed appearance and corrugation of atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images are commonly observed. In particular, these effects for the Pt(111)({radical}3 {times} {radical} 3)R30{degrees}-sulfur structure have been studied. Corrugation changes have been investigated by the controlled transfer of atoms between tip and sample. Theoretical images simulations using electron scattering quantum chemical methods show that the image contrast is strongly dependent on the chemical identity of the STM tip atom. Observed changes in the sulfur images can be explained by changes from platinum-terminated to sulfur-terminated STM tips