Function group approach to unconstrained Hamiltonian Yang-Mills theory

Starting from the temporal gauge Hamiltonian for classical pure Yang-Mills theory with the gauge group SU(2) a canonical transformation is initiated by parametrising the Gauss law generators with three new canonical variables. The construction of the remaining variables of the new set proceeds through a number of intermediate variables in several steps, which are suggested by the Poisson bracket relations and the gauge transformation properties of these variables. The unconstrained Hamiltonian is obtained from the original one by expressing it in the new variables and then setting the Gauss law generators to zero. This Hamiltonian turns out to be local and it decomposes into a finite Laurent series in powers of the coupling constant.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX2e; 2 references added in v

An algebraic method for solving the SU(3) Gauss law

A generalisation of existing SU(2) results is obtained. In particular, the source-free Gauss law for SU(3)-valued gauge fields is solved using a non-Abelian analogue of the Poincare lemma. When sources are present, the colour-electric field is divided into two parts in a way similar to the Hodge decomposition. Singularities due to coinciding eigenvalues of the colour-magnetic field are also analysed.Comment: 20 pages, LaTeX2e; references added, other changes minor; to appear in J. Math. Phy

Aliurakoitsijan toiminnan kehittäminen KVR- urakassa

Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin kokonaisvastuurakentamisen ongelmakohtia aliurakoitsijan näkökulmasta ja pyrittiin löytämään ongelmakohdille ratkaisuvaihtoehtoja. Työn tavoitteena oli luoda ohje aliurakoitsijalle KVR- hankkeiden toiminnan kehittämiseksi, jotta hankkeet saataisiin vietyä läpi tehokkaammin. Työssä tutustuttiin erilaisiin suunnittelua sisältäviin urakkamuotoihin, mutta kokonaisvastuurakentamista tutkittiin tarkemmin. KVR- hankkeen vastuun jakautumisesta, osapuolten välisistä sopimussuhteista, hankkeiden ongelmakohdista ja aliurakoitsijan työvaiheista kasattiin tietoa, jotta kokonaisvastuurakentaminen ymmärrettäisiin urakkamuotona. Nämä tutkimukset toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksin. KVR- urakointia tutkittiin myös yhden toteutetun hankkeen näkökulmasta. Työssä kartoitettiin Porin LNG- terminaalin valvomo- ja huoltorakennus -projektin ongelmakohtia kokemuksen pohjalta sekä verrattiin tarjouslaskentavaiheen budjetointia projektin toteutuneisiin kuluihin ja etsittiin syitä niiden välisiin eroihin. Opinnäytetyössä tehtiin myös kahdelle Caverion Suomi Oy:n toimihenkilölle kyselytutkimus, joka käsitteli KVR- hankkeiden ongelmakohtia. Tutkimuksen tuloksena laadittiin yhteenveto kokonaisvastuurakentamisen ongelmakohdista ja niiden ratkaisuvaihtoehdoista sekä tehtäväluettelo hankkeiden ongelmakohtien selvittämiseen ja projektin tehokkaaseen toteuttamiseen. Tehtäväluettelo on aliurakoitsijan projektipäällikön apuväline, johon hankekohtaiset huomiot kirjataan. Tehtäväluettelon avulla projektipäällikkö pystyy hahmottamaan hankkeen erityispiirteet ja välttämään ongelmakohdat.This Bachelor’s thesis studies the problematics of a design-build projects from subcontractor’s point of view. The thesis aims to find alternative solution proposals. The objective is to create a guide for a subcontractor to develop project operations in order to improve project workflows. The thesis examines alternative planning containing contract forms but the focus is in the design-build project system. Information was gathered from variable subjects as division of responsibilities on projects, contractual relations in between each partners, problematics of projects and work phases of a subcontractor. The aim is to explain a design-build project as a contract form. The study method was literature review. The design-build projects were studied by examining a finished project and with a survey regarding problems that frequently appear in the design-build projects. The examined project was a terminal building which was constructed by Pori LNG. The thesis studies the problematics with the experience gain from the finished project and it compares the difference with the calculated and the realized cost of the project. In addition, reasons for the difference between these two costs were investigated. The survey was implemented by two officials of the Caverion Suomi Plc. As a result of the studies the thesis summarizes problematics and alternative solutions in the design-build projects and it includes a worklist tool to clarify problems in the design-build projects and to enhance project efficiency. The worklist is a tool for a project manager of a subcontractor to log project-wise notes and details thus easing the project manager to picture all special characteristics and furthermore to avoid possible problematics in projects

Annotated list of Finnish crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Cylindrotomidae)

A list of Finnish crane fly species is presented (Diptera: Tipuloidea). A total of 331 species are recorded from Finland and presented in a table (Limoniidae 192 spp., Tipulidae 113 spp., Pediciidae 19 spp. and Cylindrotomidae 7 spp.). Twenty-four species are formally reported for the first time from Finland (23 Limoniidae, 1 Tipulidae). Twenty-two species that were previously reported are deleted from the Finnish list (11 Limoniidae, 11 Tipulidae). Locality data, including the occurrence of species within Finnish biogeographical provinces, was available for all but one species. The southern provinces Ta (229 spp.), Ab (226 spp.) and N (203 spp.) are the most species rich; fewer species are found in the northernmost provinces (Le 128, Li 135 spp.). Ten species occur in all 21 provinces whereas 27 species are recorded only from a single province so far. A short review of the history of crane fly research in Finland is provided

Taxonomy, species richness and biogeography of Finnish crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

Biodiversity is unequally spread throughout terrestrial ecosystems. The highest species richness of animals and plants is encountered around the Equator, and naturalists observe a decrease in the number of creatures with increasing latitude. Some animal groups, however, display an anomalous species richness pattern, but these are exceptions to the general rule. Crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) are small to large sized, non-biting nematoceran insects, being mainly associated with moist environments. The species richness of crane flies is highest in the tropics, but these insects are species rich and abundant in all biogeographic realms, boreal and arctic biomes included. The phylogeny and systematics of crane flies are still at an early stage and somewhat controversial. New species are constantly discovered even from temperate Europe, faunistically the best known continent. Crane flies have been rather neglected group of insects in Finland. The history of Finnish crane fly taxonomy and faunistics started in 1907, the year when Carl Lundström published his two first articles on tipuloids. Within roughly 100 years there have been only a handful of entomologists studying the Finnish fauna, and the species richness and natural history of these flies have remained poorly understood and mapped. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the taxonomy of Finnish crane flies, present an updated and annotated list of species and seek patterns in regional species richness and assemblage composition. Tipula stackelbergi Alexander has been revised (I). This species was elevated to a species rank from a subspecific rank under T. pruinosa Wiedemann and T. stackelbergi was also deleted from the list of European crane flies. Two new synonyms were found: T. subpruinosa Mannheims is a junior synonym of T. freyana Lackschewitz and T. usuriensis Alexander is a junior synonym of T. pruinosa. A new species Tipula recondita Pilipenko & Salmela has been described (II). Both morphology and COI (mtDNA) sequences were used in the assessment of the status of the species. The new species is highly disjunct, known from Finland and Russian Far East. A list of Finnish crane flies was presented, including the presence of species in the Finnish biogeographical provinces (III). A total of twenty-four species were formally reported for the first time from Finland and twenty-two previously reported species were deleted from the list. A short historical review on the studies of Finnish crane flies has been provided. The current list of Finnish species consists of 338 crane flies (IV, Appendix I). Species richness of all species and saproxylic/fungivorous species is negatively correlated with latitude, but mire-dwelling species show a reversed species richness gradient (i.e. an increase in the number of species toward north). Provincial assemblages displayed a strong latitudinal gradient and faunistic distance increased with increasing geographical distance apart of the provinces. Nearly half (48 %) of the Finnish crane flies are Trans-Palaearctic, roughly one-third (34 %) are West Palaearctic and only 16 and 2 % are Holarctic and Fennoscandian, respectively. Due to the legacy of Pleistocene glaciations, endemic Fennoscandian species are problematic and it is thus concluded that there are probably no true endemic crane flies in this region. Finally, there are probably species living within Finnish borders that have hitherto remained unnoticed. Based on subjective assessment, the number of “true” (i.e. recorded + unknown species) species count of Finnish crane flies is at minimum 350.Siirretty Doriast

Shared Emotions

WOS:000302410800003Peer reviewe

On Commutation and Conjugacy of Rational Languages and the Fixed Point Method

The research on language equations has been active during last decades. Compared to the equations on words the equations on languages are much more difficult to solve. Even very simple equations that are easy to solve for words can be very hard for languages. In this thesis we study two of such equations, namely commutation and conjugacy equations. We study these equations on some limited special cases and compare some of these results to the solutions of corresponding equations on words. For both equations we study the maximal solutions, the centralizer and the conjugator. We present a fixed point method that we can use to search these maximal solutions and analyze the reasons why this method is not successful for all languages. We give also several examples to illustrate the behaviour of this method.Siirretty Doriast