Where Does International Entrepreneurship End? Exploring Entrepreneurial Exit from Internationalised SMEs through Trade Sales

International entrepreneurship is of great current interest with governments increasingly turning their attention to supporting the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in order to increase international competitiveness. The international entrepreneurship literature is primarily focused on entry mode with subsequent performance of the SME usually being linked back to entry decisions rather than to the firm’s subsequent growth strategies. We argue that an international entrepreneurship framework should extend further post-entry and, given the emphasis in the field on the entrepreneur, ultimately to the drivers for their exit from the internationalised firm. In an exploratory study of ten internationalised New Zealand SMEs, it was found that the entrepreneurs exited at a stage when the internationalised firms had reached a barrier to further growth, which was resolved through a trade sale to a multi-national enterprise. Institutional factors in the New Zealand domestic environment resulted in the trade sale as a favoured exit strategy. Policy implications for the home nation are discussed given the sale is a form of inward foreign direct investment. A policy conundrum arises in that the best approach to countering such trade sales may be to support outward foreign domestic investment by the internationalised SME. The paper suggests that the exit of the internationalising entrepreneur should be considered as one boundary marker between international entrepreneurship and international business

More effective social services

In June 2014, the Productivity Commission was asked to look at ways to improve how government agencies commission and purchase social services. The final report was released in mid-September 2015. It makes several recommendations about how to make social services more responsive, client-focused, accountable and innovative. The final inquiry report has two key messages. First, system-wide improvement can be achieved and should be pursued. Second, New Zealand needs better ways to join up services for those with multiple, complex needs. Capable clients should be empowered with more control over the services they receive. Those less capable need close support and a response tailored to their needs, without arbitrary distinctions between services and funds divided into “health”, “education”, etc. These are significant, but extremely worthwhile, changes for New Zealand

Understanding Patient Learning in a Stroke Rehabilitation Setting: An Ethnographic Exploration

Background and purpose: Learning is fundamental to recovery following stroke but little is known about how stroke survivors learn in the rehabilitation setting, how learning contexts are communicated and what impact they have on engagement with rehabilitation. This research used ethnographic methods to explore learning and being a learner in rehabilitation. / Methods: Study 1: A meta-ethnography to synthesise research on patients’ perceptions of education and teaching on engagement with, and adherence to, independent therapy-based practice. Study 2: An ethnography with observation and shared conversations to explore learning within a neurorehabilitation setting in the early to late subacute stages post stroke. / Findings: Study 1: Synthesis from 18 papers resulted in three interrelated themes focussing on the person as learner, the therapist as teacher, and the guidance received. Teaching and learning in the prescription of independent therapy-based exercises were found to be interdependent. Practice that considers one without the other may have a negative impact on outcomes. Study 2: Observation over 53 days and serial conversations with 14 stroke survivors showed that recovery involved a complex process of new learning. Stroke survivors looked for alignment between the teaching they received and what they expected and wanted to learn. Coherence between teaching and learning positively impacted rehabilitation engagement and emotional well-being. / Conclusion: This study has improved understanding of learning from the perspective of stroke survivors and advanced the theory of learning in neurorehabilitation. Findings suggest that engagement with learning activities such as rehabilitation-based practice may be compromised when there is a mismatch between patients’ learning expectations and clinicians’ planned content. An openly inviting, visible and unifying rehabilitation curriculum that aligns expectations and delivery may enhance engagement. The concept of a rehabilitation curriculum is new and requires further exploration and development to determine its value within practice

A single weekly Kt/Vurea target for peritoneal dialysis patients does not provide an equal dialysis dose for all

Copyright © 2016 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Dialysis adequacy is traditionally based on urea clearance, adjusted for total body volume (Kt/Vurea), and clinical guidelines recommend a Kt/Vurea target for peritoneal dialysis. We wished to determine whether adjusting dialysis dose by resting and total energy expenditure would alter the delivered dialysis dose. The resting and total energy expenditures were determined by equations based on doubly labeled isotopic water studies and adjusted Kturea for resting energy expenditure and total energy expenditure in 148 peritoneal dialysis patients (mean age, 60.6 years; 97 male [65.5%]; 54 diabetic [36.5%]). The mean resting energy expenditure was 1534 kcal/d, and the total energy expenditure was 1974 kcal/day. Using a weekly target Kt/V of 1.7, Kt was calculated using V measured by bioimpedance and the significantly associated (r = 0.67) Watson equation for total body water. Adjusting Kt for resting energy expenditure showed a reduced delivered dialysis dose (ml/kcal per day) for women versus men (5.5 vs. 6.2), age under versus over 65 years (5.6 vs. 6.4), weight 80 kg (5.8 vs. 6.1), low versus high comorbidity (5.9 vs. 6.2), all of which were significant. Adjusting for the total energy expenditure showed significantly reduced dosing for those employed versus not employed (4.3 vs. 4.8), a low versus high frailty score (4.5 vs. 5.0) and nondiabetic versus diabetic (4.6 vs. 4.9). Thus, the current paradigm for a single target Kt/Vurea for all peritoneal dialysis patients does not take into account energy expenditure and metabolic rate and may lead to lowered dialysis delivery for the younger, more active female patient.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

N M R Studies of Coal

Carbon-13 CP/MAS NMR was used to study a selection of fifty-seven New Zealand coals and ten Australian coals. The coal rank varied from lignite to semianthracite. A qualitative survey of the plant origins of NMR signals was followed by an EPR study of the unpaired spin-species in coal. The quantitative reliability of the NMR response of coal was analysed in relaxation and "visibility" studies. Different approaches to the problem of accounting for intensity in spinning-side-band (SSB) signals were assessed. The most successful approach was found to be the complete computer simulation of the spectrum from combinations of SSB intensity patterns broadened by a mixture of Lorentzian and Gaussian lineshapes. This method of analysis produced oxygen contents that showed a good correlation with oxygen contents (by difference) from Ultimate analysis. The resultant carbon, hydrogen and oxygen functional group analyses allowed considerable insight into the depositional influences on, and alteration of, the coal structure with increasing degree of coalification

Toward better understanding the corporate innovation landscape in New Zealand using Industrial Research Ltd's "What's your problem New Zealand?": Competition data: analysis and propositions

This paper utilises a unique data set to investigate New Zealand’s corporate innovation landscape. It examines a sample of kiwi firms with true “innovative intent”, and their efforts to gain external R&D support from Industrial Research Limited (IRL), a Crown Research Institute. Aggregated data from over 100 applications to IRL’s “What’s Your Problem New Zealand?” competition, held in 2009, informs of these companies’ location, size, age, export orientation, sector, and research problem type. We divide the competition entrants into three categories: “strayers”, “contestants”, and “finalists”, and consider their aforementioned characteristics in relation to each other and, where possible, to the median New Zealand firm. From this, we advance 14 propositions regarding the nation’s corporate innovation landscape, and suggest some potential implications for policy makers

Incidence and risk factors for patellofemoral dislocation in adults with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: An observational study

Background and Purpose: Patellofemoral (PF) dislocation is frequently encountered in clinical practice among people with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), but the frequency and risk factors for PF dislocation in adults with CMT are unknown. This study aimed to establish the incidence of PF dislocation in adults with CMT and to explore the risk factors associated with PF dislocation. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving adults with a diagnosis of CMT, attending their outpatient clinics at a specialist neuromuscular centre in the United Kingdom. Eighty-one individuals were interviewed about any PF dislocation and underwent a lower-limb assessment, with a focussed knee examination, to identify possible risk factors for PF dislocation. The incidence of PF dislocation was expressed as a percentage (number of individuals with a positive history of patellar dislocation/overall sample) and the association between different risk factors and PF dislocation was explored using logistic regression analysis. Results: The incidence of PF dislocation was 22.2% (18/81). PF dislocation was associated with a younger age at the time of the assessment (p = 0.038) and earlier disease onset (p = 0.025). All people bar two who dislocated had CMT1A (88.9%), but there was no difference in terms of CMT distribution with the non-dislocation group (p = 0.101). No association was found between PF dislocation and CMT severity measured by CMTSS (p = 0.379) and CMTES (p = 0.534). Patella alta (p = 0.0001), J-sign (p = 0.004), lateral patellar glide (p = 0.0001), generalised joint hypermobility (p = 0.001) and knee flexors weakness (p = 0.008) were associated with an increased risk of dislocation. Patella alta (p = 0.010) and lateral patellar glide (p = 0.028) were independent PF dislocation predictors. Conclusions: PF dislocation was common in this cohort with CMT and was associated with multiple risk factors. Future studies should be conducted to confirm the present findings so that the identified risk factors may be addressed by clinicians through preventive, supportive and corrective measures

Therapy-based exercise from the perspective of adult patients: a qualitative systematic review conducted using an ethnographic approach

© The Author(s) 2019.Objectives: Many patients do not meet recommended levels of therapy-based exercise. This review aims to explore how adult patients view being prescribed therapy-based exercise, the information/education they are given and receive and if/how they independently practise and adhere. Design: A qualitative systematic review conducted using an ethnographic approach and in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS and EMBASE databases (01 January 2000–31 December 2018). Methods: Qualitative studies with a focus on engagement/adherence with therapy-based exercise were included. Data extraction and quality appraisal were undertaken by two reviewers. Results were discussed and data synthesized. Results: A total of 20,294 titles were screened, with data extracted from 39 full texts and data from 18 papers used to construct three themes. ‘The Guidance received’ suggests that the type of delivery desired to support and sustain engagement was context-dependent and individually situated. ‘The Therapist as teacher’ advocates that patients see independent therapy-based exercise as a shared activity and value caring, kind and professional qualities in their therapist. ‘The Person as learner’ proposes that when having to engage with and practise therapy-based exercise because of ill-health, patients often see themselves as new learners who experience fear and uncertainty about what to do. Patients may have unacknowledged ambivalences about learning that impact on engagement and persistence. Conclusion: The quality of the interaction between therapists and patients appears integral to patients engaging with, and sustaining practice of, rehabilitation programmes. Programmes need to be individualized, and health care professionals need to take patients’ previous experiences and ambivalences in motivation and empowerment into account.Peer reviewe

Building the Future of Nursing

A history of USD\u27s nursing school from its founding to 2017.https://digital.sandiego.edu/histories-books/1000/thumbnail.jp

Mapping the Productivity Terrain

Starting from a broad discussion of the range of debate and interest in productivity, our focus narrows to explore the territory of firm-level productivity. We review how productivity at firm-level has been defined and studied. We then turn our attention to the New Zealand context reviewing recent attempts by several government policy agencies to map the terrain and drivers of productivity. Within these we find some consensus, but also some divergence which we discuss. Finally we identify gaps in knowledge about productivity at the, firm-level, and we outline how our FRST funded 'Building our productivity’ research project aims to study these gaps in order to improve our map of the productivity terrain