Características demográficas, de salud y apoyo familiar de adultos mayores en el Programa de Cuidado Diurnos de Jacaleapa, El Paraíso, Honduras, 2020

El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características de los participantes en un programa de cuidados diurnos que reciben servicios integrados de salud y recreación social además de indagar las percepciones de sus familiares sobre el impacto del programa sobre el bienestar de en adultos mayores del centro de cuidados diurnos, Jacaleapa, Honduras. El diseño fue de tipo descriptivo, con una encuesta de corte transversal con 302 adultos mayores participantes y 302 familiares acompañantes. Se emplearon preguntas estructuradas sociodemográficas, de salud auto reportada, y apoyo familiar. Según las características demográficas, la mayoría fueron de sexo femenino (76.5%), en edades de 60-69 años (70.19%). El 68.9% de los adultos mayores finalizaron sólo su educación primaria; desempeñándose la mayor parte de su vida a quehaceres del hogar (73.8%). La gran mayoría reportó enfermedades crónicas (98%). El impacto percibido de los familiares fue muy positivo. En conclusión, el estudio permitió conocer la realidad acerca de las condiciones del adulto mayor a nivel demográfico y en salud lo que aporta a trazar estrategias que potencien la calidad de los servicios de salud al adulto mayor, en este caso al programa del Centro de Cuidados Diurno de Jacaleapa en el Paraíso

Community Priority Index: utility, applicability and validation for priority setting in community-based participatory research

Background. Providing practitioners with an intuitive measure for priority setting that can be combined with diverse data collection methods is a necessary step to foster accountability of the decision-making process in community settings. Yet, there is a lack of easy-to-use, but methodologically robust measures, that can be feasibly implemented for reliable decision-making in community settings. To address this important gap in community based participatory research (CBPR), the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility, applicability, and validation of a community priority index in a community-based participatory research setting. Design and Methods. Mixed-method study that combined focus groups findings, nominal group technique with six key informants, and the generation of a Community Priority Index (CPI) that integrated community importance, changeability, and target populations. Bootstrapping and simulation were performed for validation. Results. For pregnant mothers, the top three highly important and highly changeable priorities were: stress (CPI=0.85; 95%CI: 0.70, 1.00), lack of affection (CPI=0.87; 95%CI: 0.69, 1.00), and nutritional issues (CPI=0.78; 95%CI: 0.48, 1.00). For non-pregnant women, top priorities were: low health literacy (CPI=0.87; 95%CI: 0.69, 1.00), low educational attainment (CPI=0.78; 95%CI: 0.48, 1.00), and lack of self-esteem (CPI=0.72; 95%CI: 0.44, 1.00). For children and adolescents, the top three priorities were: obesity (CPI=0.88; 95%CI: 0.69, 1.00), low self-esteem (CPI=0.81; 95%CI: 0.69, 0.94), and negative attitudes toward education (CPI=0.75; 95%CI: 0.50, 0.94). Conclusions. This study demonstrates the applicability of the CPI as a simple and intuitive measure for priority setting in CBPR

Características sociodemográficas asociadas a la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en Costa Rica

Objetivo. Determinar las asociaciones existentes entre las características sociodemográficas y la prevalencia del consumo actual de tabaco en Costa Rica, según los resultados de la Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos (GATS). Métodos. Estudio epidemiológico, observacional de tipo transversal con representación nacional (n = 8607), que utilizó las variables sociodemográficas incluidas en la GATS realizada durante 2015. Se diseñó un modelo de regresión logística para predecir la influencia de esas variables en el consumo actual de tabaco. La variable dependiente es el consumo actual de tabaco considerando los determinantes sociales disponibles en la encuesta: género, nivel educativo, zona de residencia, edad y la composición del hogar. Resultados. El modelo de regresión logística demuestra que ser mujer (OR = 0,29; P < 0,01), tener 65 años y más (OR = 0,61; P = 0,02), vivir en zona rural (OR = 0,63; P < 0,01) y vivir con otras personas (OR = 0,68; P < 0,01), en particular con niños de 15 años o menos (OR = 0,55; P < 0,01), son factores protectores del consumo de tabaco. El consumo de tabaco disminuye de forma significativa con el aumento de la riqueza medida por los artefactos en la casa en las mujeres, pero no en los hombres. Completar la educación secundaria es un factor protector en las personas de 15-34 años (OR = 0,47; P < 0,01), aunque no en las personas de 35 años y más. Conclusiones. Existe una asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas disponibles en la encuesta GATS Costa Rica realizada en el 2015 y el consumo actual de tabaco. Intervenciones a nivel familiar y comunal podrían contribuir a que los consumidores abandonen el tabaquismo.Objective. To determine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the current prevalence of tobacco use in Costa Rica, based on the results of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Methods. Cross-sectional observational epidemiological study, country-wide (n = 8607), that used the sociodemographic variables included in GATS 2015. A logistic regression model was designed to predict the impact of those variables on current tobacco use. The dependent variable is current tobacco use, considering the social determinants available in the survey: sex, educational level, area of residence, age, and household composition. Results. The logistic regression model shows that being female (OR = 0.29; P < 0.01), being 65 years old and over (OR = 0.61; P = 0.02), living in a rural area (OR = 0.63; P < 0.01), and living with other people (OR = 0.68; P < 0.01), in particular with children 15 years old or under (OR = 0.55; P < 0.01), are protective factors against tobacco use. Tobacco use declines significantly with increased wealth, as measured by household items, in women but not in men. Completing secondary education is a protective factor in people 15-34 years old (OR = 0.47; P < 0.01) but not in people 35 and over . Conclusions. There is an association between the sociodemographic variables found in the GATS Costa Rica survey carried out in 2015 and current tobacco use. Interventions at the family and community levels could help consumers give up smoking.Objetivo. Determinar as associações existentes entre as características sociodemográficas e a prevalência do consumo presente de tabaco na Costa Rica, segundo os resultados da Pesquisa Global sobre Tabagismo em Adultos (Global Adult Tobacco Survey – GATS). Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico observacional transversal com representatividade nacional (n = 8.607) com o uso das variáveis sociodemográficas estudadas na GATS realizada em 2015. Usou-se um modelo de regressão logística para predizer a influência das variáveis estudadas no consumo presente de tabaco. A variável dependente foi o consumo presente de tabaco levando em consideração os determinantes sociais disponíveis na pesquisa: gênero, nível de escolaridade, área de residência, idade e composição do domicílio. Resultados. Observou-se, no modelo de regressão logística, que ser do sexo feminino (OR 0,29; P < 0,01), ter 65 anos ou mais (OR 0,61; P = 0,02), residir na zona rural (OR 0,63; P < 0,01) e viver em um domicílio com outras pessoas (OR 0,68; P < 0,01), sobretudo com crianças menores de 15 anos (OR 0,55; P < 0,01), são fatores de proteção contra o consumo de tabaco. O consumo de tabaco diminui de forma significativa com o aumento da renda (medida de acordo com o número de serviços e utilidades domésticas) apenas entre as mulheres. Ter o ensino médio completo é um fator de proteção na faixa etária entre 15 e 34 anos (OR 0,47; P < 0,01), mas não entre as pessoas acima de 35 anos. Conclusões. Existe uma associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas estudadas na GATS de 2015 e o consumo presente de tabaco na Costa Rica. Intervenções realizadas ao nível da família e da comunidade poderiam contribuir para a cessação do tabagismo.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de Salud PúblicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Odontologí

Exploring the Life Course Perspective in Maternal and Child Health through Community-Based Participatory Focus Groups: Social Risks Assessment

Little is known about the patterns of risk factors experienced by communities of color and how diverse community contexts shape the health trajectory of women from the early childhood period to the time of their pregnancies. Thus, we conducted a focus group study to identify social risks over the life course that contribute to maternal and child health from the perspective of community members residing in low income urban areas. Ten community-based participatory focus groups were conducted with residents from selected communities in Tampa, Florida, from September to November 2013. We used the life course perspective to illuminate and explain the experiences reported by the interviewees. A total of 78 residents participated in the focus groups. Children and adolescents’ health risks were childhood obesity, lack of physical activity, and low self-esteem. Women’s health risks were low self-esteem, low educational level, low health literacy, inadequate parenting skills, and financial problems. Risks during pregnancy included stress, low self-esteem, inadequate eating patterns, lack of physical activity, healthcare issues, lack of social support, and lack of father involvement during pregnancy. Multiple risk factors contribute to maternal and child health in low income communities in Tampa Bay. The intersection of risk factors in different life periods suggest possible pathways, cumulative, and latent effects, which must be considered in future longitudinal studies and when developing effective maternal and child health programs and policies

Social Determinants of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Perinatal Morbidity: Social Origins of Perinatal Health Study

BACKGROUND: The social causation of preterm birth remains elusive, without an adequate explanatory framework. Thus, this study proposed and evaluated a conceptual model of the social determinants of perinatal health for the understanding of perinatal health disparities. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted with pregnant women between 20 and 35 weeks gestation who were participating in two Healthy Start programs in Central Florida, from July 2011-August 2013. Perinatal health was operationalized based on gestational age, birth weight, and healthy start infant risk screen score. The predictors were: early life adversity, social position, maternal health-related quality of life, maternal stress, racism and discrimination, lack of social support, father involvement during pregnancy, intimate partner violence, and adverse maternal behaviors. Data collection consisted of a self-administered survey and birth outcome data was obtained from Healthy Start administrative databases. The statistical framework was structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The study sample was racially and ethnically diverse (N, Hispanics=72; N, non-Hispanic blacks=61; and N, non-Hispanic whites=48). The majority of mothers in this study were single or not married (cumulative 76%), US born (74.6%), and with English speaking preference (74.6%). The sample tended to cluster in low income groups (cumulative 58% less than $25,000 annual household income) and with education levels of less than high school (79.6%). A greater proportion of Hispanic mothers were married (66.7%) compared to non-Hispanic blacks (34.4%) and non-Hispanic whites (47.9%). Only 41.7% had completed high school, compared to 63.9% non-Hispanic blacks and 64.6% non-Hispanic whites. Nearly all non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were born in the US, compared to only 43.1% Hispanic mothers. Only 40% of non-Hispanic blacks reported on currently living with the baby\u27s father at the time of the survey, compared to 66.2% for Hispanic mothers, and 58.3% for non-Hispanic whites. Furthermore, non-Hispanic blacks reported a greater proportion of discriminatory experiences in daily situations (mean = 4.74), compared to the other groups (mean for Hispanics was 2.14, and mean for non-Hispanic whites was 1.95). Non-Hispanic whites reported the greater proportion of daily alcohol use (mean 3.8 beverages per month), compared to other groups (Hispanic mean was 0.69, and non-Hispanic blacks mean was 1.68). Non-Hispanic white mothers also presented a higher mean of adverse childhood experiences before 18 years of life (mean = 3.4), compared to other groups (mean for Hispanics was 1.63, mean for non-Hispanic blacks was 2.48). With the exception of the confirmatory factor analysis for intimate partner violence (low correlations with common factor), all other confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated an acceptable Chi-square to degrees of freedom ratio (\u3c6), and the RMSEA was less than 0.08 (minimum for acceptance). Thus, structural equation models were estimated subsequently. The first model was a model of direct effects between social position and perinatal health (hypothesis 1: direct effects), which demonstrated a good fit as indicated by X2/DF ratio of 1.4 (Chi-Square = 19, DF =13) and a RMSEA of 0.05. However, the direct effect of social position was very small and non-significant (Beta=-.02, p-value =.76), supporting the conclusion that a simple direct effect of social position on perinatal health was not found in this population. The second model explored indirect effects of social position through intermediate factors (hypothesis 2: indirect effects), which demonstrated a good fit to the data, as indicated by a Chi-square/df ratio = 1.45 and RMSEA=.05. Social support was a statistically significant mediator between social position (Beta=0.284, p\u3c0.05) and perinatal health (Beta=0.22, p\u3c0.05). The third model incorporated adverse childhood experiences as predictor of social position effects. Adverse childhood experiences were significantly associated with social position (Beta=.363, p\u3c0.05) and moderated the effects of social position on social support and perinatal health. In the presence of adverse childhood experiences, the social position was significantly associated to maternal health-related quality of life (Beta=-0.226, p\u3c0.05) and maladaptive maternal behaviors (Beta=0.654, p\u3c0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated synergistic effects of social determinants of health. Controlling for all factors considered, social support was significantly associated with perinatal health, which presents implications for strengthening prenatal programs that provide support to pregnant women. Findings need to be replicated in larger studies with the US general population. Policy makers and researchers need to pay greater attention to the role of early life adversity on perinatal health outcomes

Transformative Use of an Improved All-Payer Hospital Discharge Data Infrastructure for Community-Based Participatory Research: A Sustainability Pathway

Objective: To describe the use of a clinically enhanced maternal and child health (MCH) database to strengthen community-engaged research activities, and to support the sustainability of data infrastructure initiatives. Data Sources/Study Setting Data Sources/Study Setting: Population-based, longitudinal database covering over 2.3 million mother–infant dyads during a 12-year period (1998–2009) in Florida. Setting: A community-based participatory research (CBPR) project in a socioeconomically disadvantaged community in central Tampa, Florida. Study Design: Case study of the use of an enhanced state database for supporting CBPR activities. Principal Findings: A federal data infrastructure award resulted in the creation of an MCH database in which over 92 percent of all birth certificate records for infants born between 1998 and 2009 were linked to maternal and infant hospital encounter-level data. The population-based, longitudinal database was used to supplement data collected from focus groups and community surveys with epidemiological and health care cost data on important MCH disparity issues in the target community. Data were used to facilitate a community-driven, decision-making process in which the most important priorities for intervention were identified. Conclusions: Integrating statewide all-payer, hospital-based databases into CBPR can empower underserved communities with a reliable source of health data, and it can promote the sustainability of newly developed data systems

Community-Based Decision Making and Priority Setting Using the R Software: The Community Priority Index

This paper outlines how to compute community priority indices in the context of multicriteria decision making in community settings. A simple R function was developed and validated with community needs assessment data. Particularly, the first part of this paper briefly overviews the existing methods for priority setting and reviews the utility of a multicriteria decision-making approach for community-based prioritization. The second part illustrates how community priority indices can be calculated using the freely available R program to handle community data by showing the computational and mathematical steps of CPI (Community Priority Index) with bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals

Community-Based Decision Making and Priority Setting Using the R Software: The Community Priority Index

This paper outlines how to compute community priority indices in the context of multicriteria decision making in community settings. A simple R function was developed and validated with community needs assessment data. Particularly, the first part of this paper briefly overviews the existing methods for priority setting and reviews the utility of a multicriteria decision-making approach for community-based prioritization. The second part illustrates how community priority indices can be calculated using the freely available R program to handle community data by showing the computational and mathematical steps of CPI (Community Priority Index) with bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals