The utilization of performance measurement systems designed to facilitate reform in the education sector of a developing country

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Vegetation in the urban area of tunis: a study of impacts on temperature and light

LANDSAT and ASTER images enabled us to detect increased surface coolness corresponding to urban parks that heat up less than the artificial substrate. Maximum temperature differences reached 7°C diurnally and over 10°C at night. Field measurements showed that these green spaces lower air temperatures by 1 to 2°C during the day and by about 3°C at night. The study showed that the intensity of the urban park effect in Tunis depends on the size of the vegetated area, the volume of plant biomass and irrigation. Vegetation enables streets to cool by 1 to 2°C during daytime sunshine hours in summer. Light measurement showed special lighting effects in vegetated streets that diminish bright light and provide a comfortable visual perception

Vegetation in the urban area of tunis: a study of impacts on temperature and light

LANDSAT and ASTER images enabled us to detect increased surface coolness corresponding to urban parks that heat up less than the artificial substrate. Maximum temperature differences reached 7°C diurnally and over 10°C at night. Field measurements showed that these green spaces lower air temperatures by 1 to 2°C during the day and by about 3°C at night. The study showed that the intensity of the urban park effect in Tunis depends on the size of the vegetated area, the volume of plant biomass and irrigation. Vegetation enables streets to cool by 1 to 2°C during daytime sunshine hours in summer. Light measurement showed special lighting effects in vegetated streets that diminish bright light and provide a comfortable visual perception

Variations of peroneus tertius muscle in five Arab populations: A clinical study

Introduction: Peroneus tertius (PT) is greatly variable muscle and may be absent. PT muscle marks the anterolateral entry during using the ankle arthroscopy, used as a flap to cover defects in the foot soft tissue, tendon transfer and resection surgeries. PT may have a role in ankle joint injuries. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of PT muscle in five Arab populations and its relation to ankle joint injury. Materials and methods: The presence of PT was clinically determined in five Arab countries (439 Bahraini, 208 Saudi, 153 Kuwaiti, 198 Tunisians and 250 Egyptians) using standard technique. Results: The prevalence of PT was observed in 42%, 38.5% and 41.2% in Asian populations (Bahraini, Saudi and Kuwaiti population, respectively) whereas, the African populations (Tunis and Egypt) revealed higher frequency (67.7% and 52.8%, respectively). The highest prevalence of PT occurred in males in Saudi Arabia and Egypt and females in Bahrain, Kuwait and Tunisia. Right limbs showed the most prevalent side in all populations except Bahrainis with increased prevalence of bilateral presence in all populations. PT was easily detected in Saudi and Tunisians followed by Bahrainis and Kuwaitis whereas, Egyptians revealed difficulty in PT detection. A significant correlation between the PT muscle and the occurrence of ankle injury was observed in all studied populations. Conclusion: PT showed variable prevalence in different populations in the world. There is a positive correlation between ankle injuries and PT presence. Further cadaveric and imaging studies are needed to study the PT variations. Keywords: Peroneus tertius muscle, Variation, Arab population