Culture, Wasta and perceptions of performance appraisal in Saudi Arabia

This article explores the relationship between Arabic culture and employees’ perceptions of performance appraisal in a Saudi Arabian company named SACO. Using an interpretive and qualitative methodological framework, the article suggests that Western models of performance appraisal rooted in rationality and objectivity conflict with aspects of Saudi Arabian culture. Specifically, the personal relations implicated in the social practice of Wasta. However, the article also shows how SACO employees are beginning to reject Saudi Arabian cultural norms and adopt alternative values which are linked to notions of organisational justice and individual egalitarianism. These values are compatible with Western models of performance appraisal

An Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for the Existing Protocols and Applications

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or nodes or terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it's an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at the same time, and we discuss in this paper the distinct characteristics of traditional wired networks, including network configuration may change at any time, there is no direction or limit the movement and so on, and thus needed a new optional path Agreement (Routing Protocol) to identify nodes for these actions communicate with each other path, An ideal choice way the agreement should not only be able to find the right path, and the Ad Hoc Network must be able to adapt to changing network of this type at any time. and we talk in details in this paper all the information of Mobile Ad Hoc Network which include the History of ad hoc, wireless ad hoc, wireless mobile approaches and types of mobile ad Hoc networks, and then we present more than 13 types of the routing Ad Hoc Networks protocols have been proposed. In this paper, the more representative of routing protocols, analysis of individual characteristics and advantages and disadvantages to collate and compare, and present the all applications or the Possible Service of Ad Hoc Networks.Comment: 24 Pages, JGraph-Hoc Journa

Impact of Carbon Dioxide Trapping on Geological Storage

If we are to avoid potentially dangerous climate change, we need to capture and store CO2 emitted by fossil-fuel burning power stations and other industrial plants [123]. Saline aquifers provide the largest potential for storage and the widest geographical spread [66]. Subsequent leakage of CO2 into the atmosphere, even over hundreds of years, would render any sequestration scheme inefficient. However, based on the experience of the oil and gas industry, there is a good understanding of trapping mechanisms that take place in geological formations. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), where carbon dioxide, CO2, is collected from industrial sources and injected underground is one way to mitigate atmospheric emissions of this major greenhouse gas (GHG). Possible sites to accommodate CO2 storage are saline aquifers and oil reservoirs. These two types of location are considered for two reasons: the enormous storage potential in aquifers and the additional hydrocarbon production that could be produced by oil reservoirs. It is important that the injection scheme is designed such that the CO2 is safely stored and will not escape to the surface. Residual trapping offers a potentially quick and effective alternative method by which a non-wetting phase is rendered immobile as recent modelling has suggested that up to 90% of CO2 can be effectively immobilised by residual trapping in a short (years to decades) timescale [133]. There are only a few experimental measurements of capillary trapping in unconsolidated media in the literature. This is because the experimental measurements of multi-phase flow are extremely difficult to perform and the results are frequently not reliable at low saturations [119]. Most of the studies concentrate on trapped gas and rather than the residual saturation of a liquid phase: CO2 stored underground will be super-critical and liquid-like. In this work, we focus on measuring reliably and precisely residual saturations for both two- and three-phase flow covering the entire saturation range, including very low residual saturations. We performed drainage-imbibition and buoyancy-driven experiments for two-phase flow (oil-water and gas-water systems) and three-phase gravity drainage experiments for an oil-gas-water system on unconsolidated sand (LV60). The measured porosity of the sand was 0.37 obtained from three replicates (each replicate is a completely new experiment). The mean absolute permeability was 3.1 x 10-11 m2. The initial water saturation (Swi), residual oil saturation (Sor) and residual gas saturation (Sgr) were measured by two methods, namely mass balance (MB) and volume balance (VB). Mean values were 0.27 for Swi, 0.13 for Sor, and 0.14 for Sgr. Accuracy was maintained to be within 0.1% for every measurement. The buoyancy-driven experiments results show that Sor and Sgr are 11% and 14% respectively and generally lower than consolidated media. The trapped saturations initially rise linearly with initial saturation to a maximum value, followed by a constant residual as the initial saturation increases further. This behaviour is not predicted by the most commonly-used empirical models, but is physically consistent with poorly consolidated media where most of the larger pores can easily be invaded at relatively low saturation and there is, overall, relatively little trapping. The best match to our experimental data was achieved with the trapping model proposed by Aissaoui [2]. The three-phase gravity drainage experiments results show that for high initial gas saturations more gas can be trapped in the presence of oil than in a two-phase (gaswater) system. This is unlike previous measurements on consolidated media, where the trapped gas saturation is either similar or lower to that reached in an equivalent twophase experiment. The maximum residual gas saturation is over 20%, compared to 14% for two-phase flow. For lower initial gas saturation, the amount of trapping follows the initial-residual trend seen in two-phase experiments, although some values lie below the two-phase correlation These results are discussed in relation to pore-scale displacement processes and compared to literature values – mainly on consolidated media – that find that both gas and oil residuals are lower in three-phase than twophase flow [32, 52, 70, 81, 95, 97, 101, 108, 143-145]. This work implies that CO2 injection in poorly consolidated media would lead to rather poor storage efficiencies, with at most 4-6% of the rock volume occupied by trapped CO2; this is at the lower end of the compilation of literature results shown in Fig. 5.2. Using the Land correlation to predict the behaviour would tend to over-estimate the degree of trapping except for high initial saturations. The presence of a third phase (such as in an oil field, for instance) may improve the trapping efficiency

Water Purification Under the Magnetization Method: A Review

Water is an essential element for living organisms. The availability of fresh drinking water is getting lower day by day with the increasing pollution. Water contamination is a major cause of concern all around the world. There are many methods through which the water is treated among which the Magnetic water treatment method is one method. Which has shown its potential in treating the water. The electromagnetic eater treatment classified and extended method of magnetic water treatment has shown its potential in the Reduction of the formation of scales and treating industrial wastewater has been its most covered area when it comes to treating water. It is a simple technique and has shown its potential in different fields. This review aims to magnetic water treatment techniques. The efficiency, working mechanism, and classification of the magnetic water treatment technique are highlighted

Utilization Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) And Machine Learning (ML) in the Field of Energy Research

Many governments have committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2050. The main argument is that renewable resources are more eco-friendly than fossil fuels. However, the unpredictable nature of solar and wind power results in either excess or lack of energy generation. This article will evaluate the current machine-learning-based solutions for forecasting renewable energy demand and capacity. Many researchers have used machine learning (ML) to anticipate the amount of generated wind or solar energy. SVM, RNN, NN, and ELM are the most utilized algorithms. Prediction accuracy is improved through optimization (metaheuristics and evolution). These methods can forecast renewable energy for periods ranging from seconds to months. This article compares several ML methodologies and metaheuristic strategies and reviews the current state of research. The hybrid MLS outperforms the standalone optimizers. A more extensive data set for ANN, the introduction of NWP, and a shorter prediction timeframe are suggested as alternatives to Bayesian and random grid tuning. Further research on probabilistic predictions and mathematical relationships between inputs and outputs is needed to close the research gap