Generation and Life Cycle of Solar Spicules

Physical mechanism for the creation of solar spicules with three stages of their life cycle is investigated. It is assumed that at stage-I, the density hump is formed locally in the chromosphere in the presence of temperature gradients of electrons and ions along the z-axis. The density structure is accelerated in the vertical direction due to the thermal force ${\bf F}_{th} \propto \nabla n(x,y,t) \times (\nabla T_e + \nabla T_i)$. The magnitude of the upward acceleration depends on the steepness of the temperature gradients $\nabla T_j$ where $j=(e,i)$. The exact time-dependent 2D analytical solution of two fluid plasma equations is presented assuming that the exponentially decaying density structure is created in the xy plane and evolves in time as a step function $H(t)$ . The upward acceleration $a$ produced in this density structure is greater than the downward solar acceleration $g_\odot$. The vertical plasma velocity turns out to be the ramp function of time $R(t)$ whereas the source term for the density follows the delta function $\delta(t)$. In the transition region (TR), the temperature gradients are steeper and itupward acceleration increases in magnitude $g_\odot << a$ and density hump spends lesser time here. This is stage-II of its life cycle. In stage-III, the density structure enters the corona where the gradients of temperatures vanish and structure moves upward with almost constant speed which is slowly reduced to zero due to negative solar gravitational force because ${\bf a} \simeq - {\bf g}_\odot$. The estimates of height $H$ and life time $\tau_l$ of the spicule are in agreement with the observed values.Comment: 22 pages, 3 fig

Entanglement entropy of subtracted geometry black holes

We compute the entanglement entropy of minimally coupled scalar fields on subtracted geometry black hole backgrounds, focusing on the logarithmic corrections. We notice that matching between the entanglement entropy of original black holes and their subtracted counterparts is only at the order of the area term. The logarithmic correction term is not only different but also, in general, changes sign in the subtracted case. We apply Harrison transformations to the original black holes and find out the choice of the Harrison parameters for which the logarithmic corrections vanish.Comment: 15 page

Optimal time for sensing in open quantum systems

We study the time-dependent quantum Fisher information (QFI) in an open quantum system satisfying the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad master equation. We also study the dynamics of the system from an effective non-Hermitian dynamics standpoint and use it to understand the scaling of the QFI when multiple probes are used. A focus of our work is how the QFI is maximized at certain times suggesting that the best precision in parameter estimation can be achieved by focusing on these times. The propagation of errors analysis allows us to confirm and better understand this idea. We also propose a parameter estimation procedure involving relatively low resource consuming measurements followed by higher resource consuming measurements and demonstrate it in simulation.Comment: 11 pages,8 Figure