The use of biostimulants in high-density olive growing: Quality and production

[EN] Due to the increase of high-density holdings, especially of olive trees, the nutritional requirements of the plants are higher per unit area, which implies that a greater contribution of fertilizers to the soil is needed. Opting for fertilizers of inorganic origin will produce an increase in the pollution of the soil. In the face of this possible soil contamination, our aim is to analyze the effect of biostimulants as an alternative to chemical fertilizers, to steadily produce and maintain high quality standards during the life of the crop. Our objective is using more environmentally friendly products in order to satisfy one of the most important demands from both consumers and the authorities. In this study, we carried out five different treatments in addition to a control treatment with a supply of NPK, from inorganic products, which are used to control fertilization with a solution obtained from seaweed extracts. These treatments were applied in two crop cycles for two of the most important varieties in the current olive tree growing scenario: Arbequina and Koroneiki. This study was developed in the farm Pozohondo, which is located in a crop zone by the Palancia river (Castellón, Valencia, Spain), in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, where the olive trees were established in a high-density system with a planting framework of 4 x 1.5 m. We ensured an exhaustive control of the nutritional needs of the holding by using a fertigation system. We could notice differences in the productions of each applied treatment, avoiding any possible biases through the additional control of 100 randomly selected olives from each of the samples. There is an improvement in the set of physical characteristics of the olives with the treatment that provides amino acids and extra potassium based on amni acids. We analyzed the quality of the olive oil obtained from the production of each treatment by measuring the fatty acids, tocopherols and polyphenols contents. We also carried out an organoleptic tasting analysis following the rules of the International Olive Committee (IOC). We observed an improvement with regard to the rest of treatments in the pomological parameters of the olives when applying the potassium and amino acid biostimulant, while the quality of the oils was not affected by the type of fertilization applied in each treatment.This work was funded by Project AICO/2017/047. Development of methods of quantification of riparian vegetation biomass for the management of channels of the Comunitat Valenciana. Dirección General de Universidades. Generalitat Valenciana (Spain).Hernández-Hernández, GJ.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Martínez-Tomé, J.; López-Cortés, I. (2019). The use of biostimulants in high-density olive growing: Quality and production. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research. 10(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAAR/2019/v10i430034S11110

Xylella fastidiosa (Wells&Raju). Flavescencia dorada. Enfermedad de Pierce

López- Cortés, I.; Salazar Hernández, DM. (2018). Xylella fastidiosa (Wells&Raju). Flavescencia dorada. Enfermedad de Pierce. La Semana Vitivinicola. (3514):324-328. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/124690S324328351

Xylella fastidiosa: amenaza real para el viñedo

Salazar Hernández, DM.; López- Cortés, I. (2018). Xylella fastidiosa: amenaza real para el viñedo. La Semana Vitivinicola. (3512):164-172. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/124677S164172351

Changes produced by the application of biostimulants on almond rootstocks properties during the nursery process

[EN] During the last ten years we have assisted to the consolidation of the almond crop that has remarkably increased its cultivation area causing a high demand for both plants and products related to growth stimulation. Accordingly, in the present work we aim to study the changes produced by the contribution of two biostimulants (humic and fulvic acids or aminoacids) on the properties of almond tree rootstocks. This kind of studies are of interest to the nursery cultivation industry where rapid growth of trees and good adaptation to their cultivation environment are required. Plants' radicular and vegetative systems responded differently according to the rootstock selection. The fastest and vigorous vegetative development was observed in GN rootstock whereas GF 677 showed the greatest number of main roots and RP-R of secondary roots. Differences on antioxidant activity and phenol content have also been found between rootstocks. All the tested samples were found to have a high antioxidant power and a high phenol content but GN stood out in this regard over the other rootstocks under study. The efficiency of the biostimulants applied has been verified. Both biostimulants promoted the development of the aerial part of the trees but biostimulant 2 did it to a greater extent. Biostimulant 1 was able to duplicate the number of main roots in RP-R and during the first year of study, biostimulant 2 originated an increase of the weight of the root system by 26.44% for RP-R, 16.93% for GF 677 and 48.00% for GN. In view of these results, synthetic chemical fertilizers can be at least partially replaced by biostimulants.Mondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2019). Changes produced by the application of biostimulants on almond rootstocks properties during the nursery process. Advances in Agriculture & Botanics (Online). 11(1):56-71. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/151095S567111

Estudio de la calidad de uvas de la variedad Bobal según el tipo de racimo y la posición de las bayas

López- Cortés, I.; Gandía, I.; Díaz, P.; Salazar Hernández, DM. (2021). Estudio de la calidad de uvas de la variedad Bobal según el tipo de racimo y la posición de las bayas. La Semana Vitivinicola. (3601):1737-1744. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/18972717371744360

Physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of several pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Spain

[EN] Nine pomegranate cultivars grown in Spain were selected, and their physicochemical (total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index, monomeric anthocyanin pigment, flavonoids, hydrolyzable tannins, and vitamin C) and antioxidant properties and polyphenolic composition of the juices were compared. A total of 53 polyphenols were identified, showing cultivars different profiles. Of all nine cultivars, Katirbasi had the highest contents of flavonoids, hydrolyzable tannins and vitamin C, as well as gallic acid and ellagic acid contents, explaining its high total reducing capacity. Principal component analysis allowed Katirbasi to be differentiated clearly from the others. Other cultivars presented also interesting characteristics such as high monomeric anthocyanin pigment content (CG8 cultivar) and interesting antioxidant activity (Wonderful 2 and CG8 cultivars). CG8 was the cultivar with the highest value of cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside. Thus, this study will assist pomegranate producers in choosing the most suitable cultivar according to its ultimate use.Authors are grateful to POCTEP-Programa de Cooperacao Transfronteirica Espanha-Portugal for financial support through the Project "RED/AGROTEC - Experimentation network and transfer for development of agricultural and agro industrial sectors between Spain and Portugal" and CIMO through the Project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2014 and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013).Fernandes, L.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; González-Álvarez, J.; Ramalhosa, E. (2017). Physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of several pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Spain. 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InTech, CroatiaDepartment of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Growing pomegranates in Western Australia. http://www.agric.wa.gov.au . Accessed 29th Oct 2013Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA (2000) Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing‎. J Agric Food Chem 48:4581–4589Hernández F, Melgarejo P, Tomás-Barberán FA, Artés F (1999) Evolution of juice anthocyanins during ripening of new selected pomegranate (Punica granatum) clones. Eur Food Res Technol 210:39–42Jurenka J (2008) Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Altern Med Rev 13:128–144Legua P, Melgarejo P, Martínez M, Hernández F (2009) Evolution of anthocyanin content of four pomegranate cultivars (Punica granatum L.) during fruit development. In: Melgarejo P, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Martínez-Tomé J (eds) Production, processing and marketing of pomegranate in the Mediterranean region: Advances in research and technology, Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens, n. 42: CIHEAM, MadridMelgarejo P, Salazar DM, Artés F (2000) Organic acids and sugars composition of harvested pomegranate fruits. Eur Food Res Technol 211:185–190Nuncio-Jáuregui N, Nowicka P, Munera-Picazo S, Hernández F, Carbonell-Barrachina AA, Wojdyło A (2015) Identification and quantification of major derivatives of ellagic acid and antioxidant properties of thinning and ripe Spanish pomegranates. J Funct Foods 12:354–364Viuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Sendra E, Sayas-Barberá E, Pérez-Álvarez JA (2011) Antioxidant properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) bagasses obtained as co-product in the juice extraction. 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Food Chem 111:703–706Gadže J, Voća S, Čmelik Z, Mustać I, Ercisli S, Radunić M (2012) Physico-chemical characteristics of main pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Dalmatia region of Croatia. J Appl Bot Food Qual 85:202–206Radunić M, Špika MJ, Ban SG, Gadže J, Lean DM (2012) Chemical composition of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Croatia. In: Melgarejo P, Valero D (eds) II International Symposium on the Pomegranate, Options Méditerranéennes—Series A: Mediterranean Seminars, CIHEAM, ValenciaLegua P, Melgarejo P, Abdelmajid H, Martínez JJ, Martínez R, Ilham H, Hafida H, Hernández F (2012) Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in 10 Moroccan pomegranate varieties‎. J Food Sci 71:115–120Ferrara G, Giancaspro A, Mazzeo A, Giove SL, Matarrese MAS, Pacucci C, Punzi R, Trani A, Gambacorta G, Blanco A, Gadaleta A (2014) Characterization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genotypes collected in Puglia region Southeastern Italy. 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The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants

[EN] Aim of study: Recently, the development of almond crops on a global scale has increased their area under cultivation. The demand for both plants and products that stimulate the growth of almond trees has therefore become increasingly necessary. Accordingly, in this project we have studied the response in the vegetative and root systems of almond trees with different rootstocks to varying inputs of several root stimulants. Area of study: Valencia (Spain) Material and methods: Several different organic biostimulants were studied in isolation, i.e. not combined with synthetic chemical fertilizers, in order to ascertain if chemical fertilizers could be at least partially replaced. Main results: Good results were obtained by applying a biostimulant composed of organic matter rich in saccharides and carboxylates. Using an approach that enabled a distinguishing between them, plant radicular systems were shown to respond differently according to the biostimulant applied and the rootstock tested. The best results were obtained with a biostimulant composed of organic matter from corn hydrolysis and containing free amino acids and extracts from algae, as well as 0.07% zeaxanthins. Research highlights: Although biostimulants are promoters of young almond tree growth, they should be applied to only partially replace chemical fertilizers. The present paper shows the importance of using an organic-origin biostimulant, as a complement to chemical nutritionMondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Martinez-Tome, J.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2020). The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants. 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Aprendizaje mediante el ejercicio práctico de actividades en asignaturas de ciencias agrarias

[ES] En este trabajo se presenta la experiencia de la aplicación de una metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje basada en prácticas en asignaturas de temática agrícola y agroindustrial. Ésta consistió en dedicar un 70% de las horas a prácticas de campo y laboratorio, y un 30% de contenidos teóricos. Los contenidos teóricos fueron dirigidos a lecturas de bibliografía que después se exponen en foros antes de la aplicación de la práctica. Las prácticas se centraron en experimentar procesos propios de cada cultivo, tales como diferenciación de especies, técnicas de siembra y plantación, reconocimiento de plagas y enfermedades, técnicas de poda, realización de injertos etc. En las asignaturas de agroindustria, tales como aprovechamiento energético de la biomasa, las practicas se orientaron a ejercicios de laboratorio para calcular propiedades de materiales biocombustibles, tales como el poder calorífico, composición de CHN, cenizas etc. La evaluación se realiza de forma tradicional, mediante exámenes parciales y final. También se evalúan las memorias de prácticas. Los resultados obtenidos durante dos años mostraron un aumento de la puntuación de la valoración de la asignatura en las encuestas institucionales. El nivel de aprobados por curso aumentó alrededor de un 10%. Además se realizaron entrevistas para indagar en los aspectos relevantes de la técnica, realizando los alumnos análisis DAFO (Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas, Oportunidades). Entre las debilidades más relevantes se muestra la exigencia de ir a clase para seguir bien el método diseñado de aprendizaje.Velázquez-Martí, B.; López Cortés, I.; Vinueza-Villares, V.; Salazar Hernández, DM. (2021). Aprendizaje mediante el ejercicio práctico de actividades en asignaturas de ciencias agrarias. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 615-622. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11882OCS61562

Comparación del cultivo tradicional y ecológico de la vid en la D.O.P. Cariñena

Mompeón, M.; Fenollosa Ribera, ML.; López- Cortés, I.; Salazar Hernández, DM. (2018). Comparación del cultivo tradicional y ecológico de la vid en la D.O.P. Cariñena. La Semana Vitivinicola. (3532):2068-2074. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/124679S20682074353

Quantification Model of Residual Biomass in Citrus Uprooting

[EN] In this paper, the aerial biomass of citrus plantations in Spain was evaluated using destructive methods. Before cutting down the trees, their geometric variables were measured: trunk diameter at 10 cm from the ground (D-t), trunk perimeter at 10 cm from the ground (P-m), mean crown diameter (D-c), canopy height (H-c), and maximum crown height (H-max). After geometric characterization of the tree, it was felled. This was performed with a chainsaw about 10 cm above the ground. After cutting down, trees with and without leaves were weighed, and biomass variables such as moisture, calorific value, elemental composition, and proximate analysis were measured. The predictive models obtained showed an r(2) of 0.78. According to our analysis, in plantations in Spain, where the average plantation pattern is 4 x 4 m, the amount of carbon stored in a plot is 15 t of C per hectare. If leaves and wood are counted, the energy density in citrus plots can be estimated at 900 MJ/tree. However, if only wood is included in the calculation, the accumulated energy per tree is 750.3 MJ/tree, which represents 5.6 x 10(5) MJ/ha.This work was funded by Gerneralitat Valenciana (Spain) through a research project (AICO/2020/246). The authors wish to thank the support ofGerneralitat Valenciana (Spain) for research project (AICO/2020/246), and he IBEROMASA Network (Re 719RT0586) of the IberoAmerican Program of Science and Technology for Development (CYTED) where this project has been carried out.López- Cortés, I.; Velázquez Martí, B.; Estornell Cremades, J.; Franco Rodríguez, JE.; Marti-Gavila, J.; Salazar Hernández, DM. (2022). Quantification Model of Residual Biomass in Citrus Uprooting. Agronomy. 12(7):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy1207164811012