Design, Characterization, and Immune Augmentation of Docosahexaenoic Acid Nanovesicles as a Potential Delivery System for Recombinant HBsAg Protein

Recombinant HBsAg-loaded docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles were successfully developed, lyophilized (LRPDNV) and characterized for their physico-chemical properties. The zetapotential (ZP) of LRPDNV was −60.4 ± 10.4 mV, and its polydispersity (PDI) was 0.201, with a % PDI of 74.8. The particle sizes of LRPDNV were 361.4 ± 48.24 z. d.nm and 298.8 ± 13.4 r.nm. The % mass (r.nm) of LRPDNV in a colloidal injectable system was 50, its mobility value was −3.417 µm cm/Vs, while the conductivity of the particles was 0.728 (mS/cm). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis showed smooth morphological characteristics of discrete spherical LRPDNV. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of LRPDNV revealed that LRPDNV is thermostable. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed a discrete crystalline structure of LRPDNV at 2θ. Nuclear magnet resonance (NMR) studies (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrum showed the discrete structure of LRPDNV. The immunogenicity study was performed by antibody induction technique. The anti-HBs IgG levels were elevated in Wistar rats; the antibody induction was observed more in the product (LRPDNV) treatment group when compared to the standard vaccine group. The level of antibodies on the 14th and 30th day was 6.3 ± 0.78 U/mL and 9.24 ± 1.76 U/mL in the treatment and standard vaccine groups, respectively. Furthermore, the antibody level on the 30th day in the treatment group was 26.66 ± 0.77 U/mL, and in the standard vaccine group, the antibody level was 23.94 ± 1.62 U/mL. The LRPDNV vaccine delivery method released HBsAg sustainably from the 14th to the 30th day. The results of this study indicate the successful formulation of DHA nanovesicles which have great potential as an adjuvant system for the delivery of recombinant HBsAg protein

Production, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Nanoemulsions Containing St. John’s Wort Plant Constituents and Their Potential for the Treatment of Depression

The current project was designed to prepare an oil-in-water (oil/water) hypericin nanoemulsion using eucalyptus oil for the preparation of an oil phase with chitosan as an emulsion stabilizer. The study might be a novelty in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, especially in the area of formulation development. Tween® 80 (Polysorbate) was used as the nonionic surfactant. The nanoemulsion was prepared by using the homogenization technique, followed by its physicochemical evaluation. The surface morphological studies showed the globular structure has a nano-sized diameter, as confirmed by zeta size analysis. The zeta potential analysis confirmed a positive surface charge that might be caused by the presence of chitosan in the formulation. The pH was in the range of 5.14 to 6.11, which could also be compatible with the range of nasal pH. The viscosity of the formulations was found to be affected by the concentration of chitosan (F1-11.61 to F4-49.28). The drug release studies showed that the presence of chitosan greatly influenced the drug release, as it was noticed that formulations having an elevated concentration of chitosan release lesser amounts of the drug. The persistent stress in the mouse model caused a variety of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors that can be counteracted by chemicals isolated from plants, such as sulforaphane and tea polyphenols. In the behavioral test and source performance test, hypericin exhibited antidepressant-like effects. The results show that the mice treated for chronic mild stress had a considerably higher preference for sucrose after receiving continuous hypericin for 4 days (p = 0.0001) compared to the animals administered with normal saline (p ≤ 0.0001) as well as the naïve group (p ≤ 0.0001). In conclusion, prepared formulations were found to be stable and can be used as a potential candidate for the treatment of depression