Assessment of quality of new Rf inbred lines resistant to broomrape rase E (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) developed from H. deserticola by interspecific hybridization

Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) presents a serious problem in sunflower production in a number of countries. The population of broomrape has been stable in Serbia for a long period of time, but the racial composition has changed in recent years, with race E being predominant in the regions of north Bačka and Banat. Cultivated sunflower is genetically narrow and deficient in many desirable genes. Sources of resistance genes to broomrape can be found in a number of wild sunflower species. New 7 Rf inbred lines (RHA-D- 1, RHA-D-2, RHA-D-5, RHA-D-6, RHA-D-7, RHA-D-8, RHA-D-9) were produced from interspecies population originating from H. deserticola (DES-1474-1) in IFVC. The inbreeding of the selected plants from interspecific populations started in 1995 (S1). The first screening of sunflower Rf lines for broomrape resistance was done in a glasshouse in 1999 (S5). The seed from the resistant plants was tested in infested fields, in the area of S. Miletić and B. Topola during 2000 (S6). Selection of resistant plants was checked from 2001 (S7) to 2003 (S9). The same procedure was conducted in Pačir from 2004 (S10) to 2008 (S14) and in the area of Lipar in 2009 (S15). Experimental hybrids were produced by crossing new Rf lines developed from interspecific population (DES-1474-1) resistant to broomrape race E with cms female lines susceptible to broomrape. The resistance of new 28 experimental hybrids to broomrape was checked on locations in Serbia (Pačir 2006, 2007, 2008) and at the location (Lipar 2009) with three controls: hybrid Bačvanin, resistant to race E, hybrid NS-H-111 resistant to race A, B, C, D, susceptible to E race and line AD- 66 susceptible to all broomrape races. The resistance of the same hybrids was also tested at a location in Romania (Baragan, Braila) in 2008. All examined hybrids were resistant to broomrape race E on all locations

Fenotipska i genotipska varijabilnost dužine krunice cevastog cveta i sadržaja nektara kod suncokreta

The nectar content and disc flower corolla length are the two most important parameters of attractiveness to pollinators in sunflower. The phenotypic and genotypic variability of these two traits was studied in four commercially important hybrids and their parental components in a trial with three fertilizer doses over two years. The results showed that, looking at individual genotypes, the variability of disc flower corolla length was affected the most by year (85.38-97.46%). As the study years were extremely different, the phenotypic variance of the hybrids and parental components was calculated for each year separately. In such conditions, looking at all of the crossing combinations, the largest contribution to phenotypic variance of the corolla length was that of genotype: 57.27-61.11% (NS-H-45) 64.51-84.84% (Velja); 96.74-97.20% (NS-H-702) and 13.92-73.17% (NS-H-111). A similar situation was observed for the phenotypic variability of nectar content, where genotype also had the largest influence, namely 39.77-48.25% in NS-H-45; 39.06-42.51% in Velja; 31.97-72.36% in NS-H-702; and 62.13-94.96% in NS-H-111.Najznačajniji parametri atraktivnosti za oprašivače kod suncokreta su sadržaj nektara i dužina krunice cevastog cveta. Fenotipska i genotipska varijabilnost ovih svojstava je izučavana kod 4 komercijalno važna hibrida i njihove roditeljske komponente u ogledu sa 3 doze đubrenja, u dve godine. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je na varijabilnost dužine krunice cevastog cveta bio najznačajniji uticaj godine (85.38-97.46%), ako se ona posmatra za pojedinačne genotipove. Pošto su godine istraživanja bile ekstremno različite fenotipska varijansa je izračunata za hibride i roditeljske komponente za svaku godinu posebno. U takvim okolnostima za sve kombinacije ukrštanja najveći udeo u fenotipskoj varijansi za dužinu krunice cevastog cveta je imao genotip: 57.27-61.11% (NS-H-45); 64.5l-84.84% (Velja); 96.74-97.20% (NS-H-702) i 13.92-73.17% (NS-H-111). Slično je bilo i sa fenotipskom varijabilnošću za sadržaj nektara, jer je takodje bio najznačajniji uticaj genotipa i to: 39.77-48.25% kod NS-H-45; 39.06-42.51% kod Velja; 31.97-72.36% kod NS-H-702162.13-94.96% kod NS-H-111

Način nasleđivanja i heritabilnost dužine krunice cevastog cveta i sadržaja nektara kod suncokreta

Since disc flower corolla length and nectar content are the two most important parameters of attractiveness to pollinators in sunflower and we monitored them in the parental lines F[ hybrids, we thought it would be interesting to determine the mode of inheritance and heritability of these two traits. The mean values of disc flower corolla length ranged between 7.23-10.22 mm. Differences among most of the genotypes were significant Year had significant influence on the expression of this trait. In the inheritance of the corolla length, partial dominance of the parent with the smaller corolla length (NS-H-702) was observed when determining mode of inheritance relative to the parents. Relative to the parental average however it was not possible to determine the mode of inheritance in any of tile hybrid combinations. The nectar content means ranged from 2.08 to 15.54 mg/20 flowers and differences among most of the genotypes were significant. Partial dominance of the parent with the smaller nectar content mean was recorded in the inheritance of this trait (NS-H-702): Negative heterosis was found in the hybrid NS-H-45.Pošto su dužina krunice cevastog cveta i sadržaj nektara najvažniji parametri atraktivnosti genotipova suncokreta za oprašivače i praćeni su kod roditeljskih linija i F1 hibrida bilo je interesantno utvrditi način nasleđivanja i heritabilnost za ova dva svojstva. Srednje vrednosti za dužinu krunice cevastog cveta su se kretale od 7.23-10.22mm. Razlike su bile značajne između većine ispitivanih genotipova. Na ekspresiju dužine krunice cevastog cveta su značajno uticale godine. U nasleđivanju ovoga svojstva ispoljila se parcijalna dominacija roditelja sa manjom dužinom krunice cevastog cveta (NS-H-702) i to u slučaju utvrđivanja načina nasleđivanja u odnosu na roditelje, dok u odnosu na roditeljski prosek nije bilo moguće utvrditi način nasleđivanja ni u jednoj hibridnoj kombinaciji. Srednje vrednosti za sadržaj nektara su se kretale od 2.08-15.54mg/20 cvetova i razlike su bile značajne kod većine ispitivanih genotipova. U nasleđivanju sadržaja nektara se ispoljila parcijalna dominacija roditelja sa manjom srednjom vrednošću za ovo svojstvo (NS-H-702), dok se kod hibrida NS-H-45 ispoljio negativni heterozis

Međuzavisnost uslova oprašivanja, oplodnje i prinosa semena suncokreta

Four commercially important sunflower hybrids (NS-H-45, NS-H-l 11, NS-H-702 and Velja) and their parental components (Ha-74B, Ha-98B, CMS-3-8B, Ha-26B, RHA-583, RHA-R-PI-2/1 and RHA-113N) were used over a period of two years to study the following traits: disk flower corolla length, nectar content, pollen viability, bee visitation, fertilization percentage and seed yield. Relations among the traits were determined by path coefficient analysis. The simple correlation coefficients showed that fertilization percentage and bee visitation had a highly significant influence on seed yield. The corolla length had a positive effect on nectar content, while nectar content had a significant negative influence on pollen viability. The highest significant direct influence on seed yield was that of fertilization percentage, while the effect on nectar content on seed yield was negative but not significant. The coefficient of determination was 0.8071.Kod četiri komercijalno važna hibrida suncokreta (NS-H-45, NS-H-111, NS-H-702 i Velja) i njihovih roditeljskih komponenti (Ha-74B, Ha-98B, CMS-3-8B, Ha-26B, RHA-583, RHA-R-P1-2/1 i RHA-113N) u dve godine su ispitivana sledeća svojstva: dužina krunice cevastog cveta, sadržaj nektara, vitalnost polena, poseta pčela, % oplodnje i prinos semena. Međuzavisnost ispitivanih svojstava je utvrđena Path coefficient analizom. Prosti koeficijenti korelacije su pokazali da su % oplodnje i poseta oprašivača imali visoko značajan pozitivan uticaj na prinos semena. Značajan pozitivan efekat je imala dužina krunice na sadržaj nektara, a značajan negativan efekat je imao sadržaj nektara na vitalnost polena. Najveći značajan direktan efekat na prinos semena je imao procenat oplodnje, dok je negativan, ali ne i značajan efekat imao sadržaj nektara na prinos semena. Koeficijent determinacije je iznosio 0,8071

The appropriate technique for collecting and measuring the amount of floral nectar in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The available techniques for collecting and measuring the amount of floral nectar are applicable but often found to be unrepresentative. Centrifugation yields larger samples but they also include nectar that is not actually accessible to insects, the capillary method has been described as unsuitable because of possible damage to the nectary tissue, the method including filter paper is considered to be unreliable because of evaporation and nectar extraction methods including washing are considered limited because the solution may include sugars from plant tissue cells. We have found that capillary tubes with inner diameter of 0.25-0.5mm and outer diameter of 0.5-0.75mm are suitable for nectar collection in sunflower. To determine the amount of nectar, we isolate five inflorescences per sunflower line at the start of flowering and collect the nectar two days after the isolation, The capillary tube is inserted between the style and filaments down to the nectary. After the level of nectar stops rising the next flower is processed. The tubes can be measured on an analytical scale and the amount of nectar is obtained as the weight increase in comparison to the empty tube. Faster determination of floral nectar amount can be provided by using calibrated capillary tubes of a known and uniform inner diameter. The appropriate outer diameter of the capillary tubes reduces the risk of tissue damage and allows more precise collecting so that the capillary method is preferable to others for nectar collecting in sunflower

Heterosis for agronomically important traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Significant manifestation of heterosis for agronomically important traits is the main precondition for obtaining productive sunflower hybrids (Škorić et al., 2006). Development of high-yielding and stable sunflower hybrids based on interspecific hybridization requires knowledge of heterotic effects occurring in the F1 generation. Heterosis for seed yield per plant, total seed number per head and 1,000-seed weight was studied in interspecific hybrids obtained by the line × tester method. The seven female inbred lines used in the study had been developed by interspecific hybridization, while the three male restorer inbreds with good combining abilities were used as testers in the form of fertility restorers. Twenty-one F1 hybrids were obtained by crossing each tester with each female inbred line. A trial with the lines and F1 hybrids was set up at Rim-ski Šančevi. Experiment Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad using a randomized block design with three replications. Our study found significant differences in the mean values of all the traits under investigation. Heterosis values for seed yield were positive and highly significant relative to parental average (98.4-274.1%) as well as better parent (55.8-223.2%). Considerably less heterosis was found for total seed number per head (69.6-203.7%) relative to parental average and better parent (47.6-183.3%). With 1,000-seed mass, the values ranged between 26.5% and 48.8% relative to parental average and from -42.4% to 30.9% relative to better parent. This study could prove useful in the development of new high-yielding sunflower hybrids based on interspecific hybridization

Stvaranje i korišćenje genotipova suncokreta sa promenjenim kvalitetom ulja

Sunflower oil is among the highest quality oils of plant origin. The oil of standard sunflowers has an average of 10% saturated fatty acids, 20-30% oleic acid and 60-70% linoleic acid. The total content of tocopherols in standard sunflower oil is 700-1000 mg/kg with the predominant being alpha-tocopherol (vitamin-E). Following the trends of the food and non-food industries sunflower breeders have been able to significantly change the fatty acid composition of the oil. The oil of high-oleic hybrids (more than 80% of oleic acid in sunflower oil) has excellent nutritional properties, as well as oxidative stability, and is a suitable raw material for many derivatives of the chemical industry and for the production of high quality biodiesel. In addition to creating high-oleic sunflower hybridis also possible to direct selection towards increasing or decreasing other fatty acids content (linoleic, palmitic and stearic). Achievements in sunflower breeding have allowed changes in the type and content of tocopherols in the oil.Suncokretovo ulje spada među najkvalitetnija ulja biljnog porekla.Ulje standardnog suncokreta u proseku ima 10% zasićenih masnih kiselina, 20% oleinske kiseline i oko 60-70% linolne kiseline. Ukupan sadržaj tokoferola u ulju standardnog suncokreta je 700-1000 mg/kg, a preovladava alfa-tokoferol (vitamina E). Prateći zahteve prehrambene i drugih industrija oplemenjivači suncokreta uspeli su da bitnije izmene sastav masnih kiselina ulja. Ulje visokooleinskih hibrida suncokreta ima odlične nutritivne karakteristike, pogodna je sirovina za proizvodnju mnogih derivata hemijske industrije i za proizvodnju kvalitetnog biodizela. Pored stvaranja visokooleinskih hibrida suncokreta moguće je selekciju usmeriti i na povećanje ili smanjenje sadržaja drugih masnih kiselina (linolne, palmitinske i stearinske). Dostignuća u oplemenjivanju suncokreta omogućila su promenu tipa i sadržaja tokoferola u ulju

Fatty acid characterization of sunflower breeding materials at the IFVC

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop which is one of the least diverse species of the genus Helianthus. It is the fourth largest oilseed crop worldwide after the oil palm, soybean and rapeseed. Sunflower breeding involves development of breeding lines suitable for hybrid breeding, diseases, abiotic stress and herbicide resistance. The objective of this study was to assay the fatty acid composition of oils obtained from twenty one inbred lines from breeding materials of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad cultivated on the experimental field at Rimski šančevi. Oil samples were obtained by pressing seeds in hydraulic press. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography (Konik HRGC 4000) coupled with a flame ionizing detector, after derivatization to their volatile methyl esters (FAME)

Effects of genotype, growing conditions, and several parameters of sunflower attractiveness for bee visitation

Effects of genotype and fertilizers on the production and availability of nectar and visitation by pollinators were analyzed. We analyzed four sunflower hybrids (Velja, NS-H-45, NS-H-111 and NS-H-702) and their parental lines grown in three fertilization treatments. Disc flower corolla length and nectar content were studied in the hybrids and their parental lines. The monitoring of bee visitation at flowering was done nine times per day. Nectar content was determined with the use of the micropipette method. The flower nectar content differed significantly among the genotypes, ranging from 2.53 mg/10 flowers (Velja) to 15.57 mg/10 flowers (Ha-98B) in 2002, and from 2.45 mg/10 flowers (Velja) to 9.65 mg/10 flowers (Ha-74A) in 2003. The highest average nectar content in 2002 (7.36 mg/10 flowers) was found in the control treatment and the lowest (6.67 mg/10 flowers) in the 100:100:100 NPK treatment, while in the next year we obtained the opposite results. The highest bee attendance was recorded in NS-H-111 in the first year and in NS-H-702 in the second year, and the lowest in Velja in both years. The largest bee attendance was recorded in the 50:50:50 treatment in both years. Corolla length in the treatments ranged from 9.11 mm (control) to 9.23 mm (100:100:100), while in the genotypes it ranged between 7.95 mm (Ha-26B) and 11.14 mm (CMS-3-8B). The longest corollas were found in flowers whose pistils had not yet emerged (9.51 mm). The largest bee attendance was observed at 0900h

Novi konzumni hibridi suncokreta u NS paleti

Sunflower breeding is directed towards the increase of the genetic potential for yield, stability of the yield, health care, and the quality of nutrition along with the increase of the production economy. In accordance with the Serbian market demands there have been efforts in breeding highly productive hybrids for special uses of the confectionary type at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. In this program, special attention has been given to the increase of the protein content and quality while decreasing the seed oil content, to the increase of 1000 seed weight and the decrease of the hull ratio. New NS confectionary hybrids NS-H-6316, NS-H-6318 and NS-H-6320 are adequate for nutrition, dehulling and core production. They belong to the group of mid-early hybrids while their genetic potential for seed yield is above 4.5 t ha-1 and seed oil content is less than 40%. Protein content in the core is 23-27%, mass of 1000 seeds is above 95 g, and the hull ratio is low. With the creation of the new palette of NS sunflower hybrids for various production purposes and conditions, we have gained higher quality material for the needs of the oil, food and baking industry.Rad na oplemenjivanju konzumnog suncokreta usmeren je na povećanje genetskog potencijala za prinos, stabilnosti prinosa, zdravstvene bezbednosti i nutritivnog kvaliteta uz povećanje ekonomičnosti proizvodnje. U skladu sa zahtevima srpskog tržišta u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo se radi na oplemenjivanju visoko produktivnih hibrida za posebne namene konzumnog tipa. U ovom programu posebna pažnja je posvećena povećanju sadržaja i kvaliteta proteina uz smanjenje sadržaja ulja u semenu, povećanju mase 1000 semena i smanjenju udela ljuske. Novi NS-konzumni hibridi NS-H-6316, NS-H-6318 i NS-H-6320 pogodni su za ishranu, ljuštenje i proizvodnju jezgra a pripadaju grupi srednje ranih hibrida. Genetski potencijal za prinos semena im je preko 4,5 t ha-1 a sadržaj ulja u semenu je manji od 40%. Sadržaj proteina u jezgru je 23-27%, masa 1000 semena iznad 95 g, dok je udeo ljuske nizak. Stvaranjem nove palete konzumnih NS hibrida suncokreta za različite namene i uslove proizvodnje dobija se kvalitetnija sirovina za potrebe uljarske, prehrambene i pekarske industrije