Application of Spectrophotometric Fingerprint in Cluster Analysis for Starch Origin Determination

Botaničko podrijetlo škroba je od velike važnosti za primjenu u industriji i proizvodnji hrane jer može bitno utjecati na svojstva krajnjeg proizvoda. Trenutno dostupne mikroskopske metode za određivanje podrijetla škroba su dugotrajne. Škrob se sastoji od amiloze i amilopektina, čiji omjer ovisi o njegovom botaničkom podrijetlu. Trijodidni ioni se obično vežu za amilozu i amilopektin, a njihovo vezivanje ovisi o podrijetlu škroba. U ovom je istraživanju mjeren apsorpcijski spektar kompleksa škrob-trijodid različitih vrsta, kao što su pšenica, krumpir, kukuruz, raž, ječam, riža, tapioka i škrob nepoznatog podrijetla, te različitih sorata iste vrste. Svaki je uzorak škroba imao specifične parametre: maksimalnu valnu duljinu pika za kompleks škrob-trijodid (λmax/nm), maksimalnu promjenu apsorbancije pri λmax (ΔA) i pomak λmax prema uzorku škroba nepoznatog botaničkog podrijetla. Vidljivi je dio apsorpcijskog spektra (500-800 nm) za svaki uzorak škroba dao jedinstveni otisak, koji je zatim obrađen klaster analizom. Tom su analizom podaci razdvojeni u dva klastera, jedan klaster žitarica i drugi klaster krumpira, tapioke i riže. Unutar klastera škrobova žitarica u podklastere su se izrazito razdvojili škrobovi pšenice, ječma i raži od kukuruznih škrobova. Podaci o sortama dobro su se grupirali unutar istog podklastera. Predložena metoda, koja kombinira klaster analizu i podatke dobivene mjerenjem apsorbancije vidljivog dijela spektra kompleksa škrob-trijodid, uspješno je razvrstala škrobove na osnovi njihove pripadnosti vrstama te sortama unutar iste vrste. Metoda je jednostavnija i praktičnija za uporabu od standardnih dugotrajnih metoda.The botanical origin of starch is of importance in industrial applications and food processing because it may influence the properties of the final product. Current microscopic methods are time-consuming. Starch consists of an origin-dependent amylose/amylopectin ratio. Triiodide ions bind characteristically to the amylose and amylopectin depending on the botanical origin of the starch. The absorbance of the starch-triiodide complex was measured for wheat, potato, corn, rye, barley, rice, tapioca and unknown origin starch, and within the different cultivars. Each starch sample had specific parameters: starch-triiodide complex peak wavelength maximum (λmax/nm), maximum absorbance change at λmax (ΔA) and λmax shift towards the unknown origin starch sample values. The visible absorption spectra (500-800 nm) for each starch sample were used as a unique fingerprint, and then elaborated by cluster analysis. The cluster analysis managed to distinguish data of two clusters, a cereal type cluster and a potato/tapioca/rice starch cluster. The cereal subclusters extensively distinguished wheat/barley/rye starches from corn starches. Data for cultivars were mostly in good agreement within the same subclaster. The proposed method that combines cluster analysis and visible absorbance data for starch-triiodide complex was able to distinguish starch of different botanical origins and cultivars within the same species. This method is simpler and more convenient than standard time-consuming methods

PRIMJENA RAČUNALA U POČETNOM OBRAZOVANJU DJECE U PRIRODNIM ZNANOSTIMA

At their young age pupils learn the contents of natural sciences by combining different methods and forms of work. This study examined the effect of computer-aided learning on the quality of pupils\u27 knowledge about the natural habitats. A total of 168 third grade primary school pupils (9-year-old) from the Republic of Serbia took part in this research (84 pupils comprising the control group and 84 pupils comprising the experimental group). Causal, descriptive and comparative methods were used in this study. Initial test, final test and retest were used as tools for the measurement of the pupils’ knowledge about the habitats. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the experimental group of pupils, who had used computers in the learning process, obtained better knowledge about habitats, when compared to the control group of pupils who had been taught in the traditional way. The experimental group pupils achieved better results at the levels of application, analysis, synthesis and the evaluation of knowledge.Učenici već u ranoj dobi uče o sadržajima prirodnih znanosti povezujući različite metode i oblike rada. Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate istraživanja utjecaja računalno potpomognutog učenja na kvalitetu učeničkog znanja o životnim staništima. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 168 učenika trećih razreda osnovnih škola (devetogodišnjaci) iz Republike Srbije (84 učenika činilo je kontrolnu skupinu, a ostalih 84 ispitnu). U analizi su upotrijebljene kauzalna, deskriptivna i komparativna metoda. Inicijalni test, finalni test i ponovljeno testiranje upotrijebljeni su kao sredstva mjerenja znanja o životnim staništima. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata zaključeno je da je ispitna skupina učenika učeći pomoću računala postigla bolje znanje o životnim staništima, za razliku od kontrolne skupine učenika koja je podučavana tradicionalnim načinom. Učenici u ispitnoj skupini postigli su bolje rezultate na razini primjene, analize, sinteze i evaluacije znanj

Biosenzori za praćenje teških metala i toksičnih spojeva u okolišu

Praćenje zagađenja okoliša bitan je zadatak u njegovom očuvanju, a pojednostavljenje metodologije za praćenje polutanata imperativ. Teški metali i različiti toksični spojevi posebno su opasni jer se tijekom vremena akumuliraju u biljkama i životinjama. Iz tog su razloga razvijene različite metode pomoću kojih se određuje njihova koncentracija u okolišu. Biosenzori danas predstavljaju brzo i pouzdano rješenje za praćenje zagađenja okoliša uzrokovanog različitim toksičnim spojevima i metalima. Minijaturizacija senzora omogućila je in situ mjerenja, čime se isključuju dugotrajna i ponekad skupa mjerenja u laboratorijima. U radu je prikazan kratak pregled nekih biosenzora te njihova primjena u detekciji i praćenju teških metala i toksičnih spojeva u okolišu

OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SPORTS HORSES

Gotovo sva suvremena istraživanja bave se patološkim stanjima koje izaziva oksidacijski stres s ciljem smanjenja stupnja oštećenja organizma i pojave istog. Oksidacijski stres zauzima sve veću važnost u reprodukciji i zdravlju sportskih konja. Oksidacijski stres definira se kao pomak ravnoteže u staničnim oksidativno-redukcijskim reakcijama u smjeru oksidacije. Može se javiti kod neučinkovitosti antioksidativnih sustava, tj. pri naglom povećanju količine oksidanata ili nedovoljne sinteze antioksidanata. Antioksidansi služe kao obrambeni sustav protiv oksidanata, u koje spadaju: 1) sustavi koji sprječavaju nastanak ROS generacije, 2) antioksidativni sustavi koji inaktiviraju oksidante i 3) sustavi koji smanjuju štete nastale djelovanjem oksidanata i saniraju nastala oštećenja oksidativnim djelovanjem. Postoji poveznica između upale dišnih puteva i izazivanja plućnog oksidacijskog stresa koji ovisi o težini upalnog procesa, a za posljedicu ima sistemski (krvožilni) oksidacijski stres. Induciranim radom dolazi također do promjene oksidacijsko/antioksidacijske ravnoteže zbog povećanja razine elektrona u mitohondrijima unutar mišićnih stanica. Brojne su studije pokazale da oksidativno/antioksidativne promjene pri treniranju konja mogu varirati ovisno o vrsti treninga i markerima koje pratimo u krvi, te je zaključeno da fizički napor značajno inducira oksidativnu-antioksidativnu ravnotežu. Izloženost oksidantima utjecalo je na razvoj niza obrambenih mehanizama, uključujući preventivne mehanizme, mehanizme popravka, fizičku i antioksidacijsku obranu. Antioksidativna terapija može se smatrati učinkovitom u liječenju određenih patoloških stanja, osobito kroničnih upala. Danas je neizbježna antioksidativna dopuna u vrhunskom konjičkom sportu, a dokazan je pozitivan učinak antoksidativne dopune vitaminima i elementima u tragovima.Almost all recent investigations take care about oxidative stress caused by pathological conditions with aim of decline of organism damages and prevention the same. Oxidative stress has important role in reproduction and sports horses\u27 health. During the oxidative stress the equilibrium between oxidants and oxidants is disturbed in favour of oxidants. It appears as inefficient antioxidative system, either because of higher amount of oxidants or inadequate antioxidant synthesis. Antioxidants are included in the defence systems against oxidants as systems that prevent ROS generation, antioxidant systems that inactivate oxidants and systems which reduce deleterious effects of oxidants and allowing repair of oxidative damage. There is connection between inflammations of the airways and oxidative stress. Numerous studies have pointed that exercise-induced oxidant/antioxidant changes in exercising horses vary with regard of exercise type as well as blood markers. The exercise induces alteration of the circulatory oxidant-antioxidant balance. Exposure to the oxidants influenced on many protective mechanisms, reparatory mechanisms, physical and antioxidative defence. Antioxidant therapy consider useful in the treatment of some pathological condition, especially chronic inflammations. In the case of sport horses, antioxidant supplementation may be helpful

THE COMPARISON OF NUTRITIVE VALUES OF VARIOUS RATIONS FOR SPORT HORSES IN HORSE DRIVING SPORT

Zaprežni sport je zahtjevna konjička disciplina koja se u trodnevnom natjecanju sastoji iz elegantne dresurne, najteže maratonske, te utakmice vožnje preciznosti između čunjeva. Tijekom maratona konji prelaze 20 km, a toliko dnevno prelaze i u intenzivnom treningu u sezoni natjecanja. Stoga sportski konji zahtijevaju znatno složeniji program hranidbe od ostalih kategorija konja. Istraživanja su obuhvatila četiri različita načina hranidbe uspješnih lipicanskih sportskih konja u privatnom i ergelskom uzgoju. Svaki od njih ima različitu strukturu obroka i svaki od tih načina hranidbe ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. U sezoni natjecanja konji u Konjičkom klubu „Osijek“ dobivaju 1667 g sir. bjelančevina i 154,55 MJ probavljive energije, a to u odnosu na normu iznosi dnevno više 365 g sir. bjelančevina i 17,24 MJ probavljive energije. U Državnoj ergeli lipicanaca Đakovo konji dobivaju ukupno 1546 g sir. bjelančevina i 139,71 MJ probavljive energije, što je 22 MJ probavljive energije manje od propisane norme. Lipicanci obiteljskog gospodarstva Dorušak dobivaju ukupno 1381 g sir. bjelančevina i 104,03 MJ probavljive energije, što je za 69 g sir. bjelančevina više, a za 33 MJ probavljive energije manje. Obrok lipicanaca na obiteljskom gospodarstvu Vidačić sadrži ukupno 2017 g sir. bjelančevina i 204,85 MJ probavljive energije, što je više za 465 g sir. bjelančevina i 42,42 MJ probavljive energije od propisane norme. Pokazalo se da pored strukture obroka veliku važnost ima kvaliteta krme, kao i način hranidbe i broj obroka. Budući da je zaprežni sport u RH još uvijek u fazi razvoja, potrebno je educirati vlasnike i uzgajivače konja u pronalaženju najboljih načina hranidbe njihovih konja, jer hranidba svakako ima vrlo veliku ulogu u postizanju vrhunskih rezultata u zaprežnom sportu.The horse driving sport is a demanding sports discipline which, for a three-day-competition, consists of elegant dressage, the most difficult marathon and precise obstacle cone-driving. Horses run 20 km during the marathon. They also run 20 km daily during intensive training in competition seasons. Thus, sport horses demand a more complex plan of feeding than other horses. The research of the private and stud farm breeding consisted of four different ways of feeding of successful Lipizzan sport horses. Each plan of feeding has different meal structure and has its own advantages and disadvantages. During the competition seasons, horses in the Osijek Horse Club get 1,667 grams (g) of crude proteins and 154.55 MJ of digestive energy, which is 365 g of crude proteins and 17.24 MJ of digestive energy more than the daily allowance. At the State Stud of Đakovo the Lipizzans get 1,546 g of crude proteins and 139.71 MJ of digestive energy, which is 22 MJ of digestive energy less than the daily allowance. The Lipizzans at the Family Farm Dorušak get 1,381 g of crude proteins and 104.03 MJ of digestive energy, which is 69 g of crude proteins more and 33 MJ of digestive energy less than the daily allowance. Every ration of the Lipizzans at the Family Farm Vidačić consists of 2,017 g of crude proteins and 204.85 MJ of digestive energy, which is 465 g of crude proteins and 42.42 MJ of digestive energy more than the daily allowance. It was observed that, besides the meal structure, the quality of animal feed, as well as the way of feeding and the number of rations are equally important. Since the horse driving sport in the Republic of Croatia is still developing, it is necessary to educate horse owners and breeders how to find the best way of feeding their horses because feeding has an important role in obtaining the first-rate results

NUTRITIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MINERALS IN HORSE FEEDING

Hranidba konja mora biti optimalna, a obroci pravilno izbalansirani, s dovoljnom količinom hranjivih tvari i energije. Minerali su anorganske tvari, prijeko potrebne za sve biološke procese u organizmu pa je konjima nužno osigurati dovoljne količine makro i mikroelemenata u obroku, kao i njihov pravilan međusoban odnos. Potrebe konja za mineralima ovise o pasmini, neurohormonalnom statusu, tjelesnoj masi, kondiciji, dobi, klimatskim prilikama, zdravstvenom stanju, tjelesnoj temperaturi, parazitarnim invazijama, probavnim poremećajima, intenzitetu rada, športskim natjecanjima, forsiranom rastu ždrebadi te stanju organizma, kao što su ždrjebnost ili laktacija. Minerali su nužni aktivni sudionici biokemijskih reakcija koje se događaju u tijelu, a sudjeluju u građi lokomotornoga sustava. Sudjeluju u prijenosu energije, živčanih impulsa i kontrakcije mišića. Nijedan tip obroka ne pruža optimalan omjer mineralnih tvari potrebnih organizmu konja, tako da se svakodnevno u obrocima pojavljuje stanovit manjak ovih biološki aktivnih tvari koje se redovito kompenziraju dodavanjem mineralno-vitaminskih premiksa. Ukoliko dođe do deficita minerala, smanjit će se učinkovitost iskorištavanja energije iz obroka. Kada se pri nestašici minerala u organizmu potroše zalihe, narušeni tijek biokemijskih procesa uvjetuje kliničke i patomorfološke promjene. Hranom primljene prekomjerne količine minerala u organizmu stvaraju zalihe te može doći do pojave simptoma trovanja zbog toga što se nagomilavanjem minerala u pojedine organe narušava tok određenih biokemijskih reakcija. Odgovarajući način hranidbe, uz djelovanje nasljedne osnove te pravilan trening, omogućit će maksimalno iskorištavanje potencijala konja. Sastavljanje pravilnoga obroka, s obzirom na zahtjeve konja, predstavlja velik izazov.Horse feeding must be optimal, and meals properly balanced with the sufficient amount of nutritious substances and energy. Minerals are inorganic substances which are necessary for all biological processes in an organism. It should be ensured that horses get sufficient amounts of balanced macroelements and microelements in a meal. The horse’s need for minerals depends on the breed, neurohormone status, body weight, fitness, age, climate change, health, body temperature, parasites occurrence, digestive disorders, labour intensity, sports competitions, forced growth of foals and the state of organism, such as foaling condition or lactation. Minerals are essential active participants in biochemical reactions which occur in the body, and participate in the anatomy of locomotor system. They also participate in transmission of energy, nervous impulses and muscle contractions. There is not one kind of meal that offers an optimal range of mineral substances necessary for the horse’s organism, so there is a lack of these biologically active substances in every meal, which is regularly compensated by adding mineral-vitamin mixtures. In case of mineral deficits, the efficiency of obtaining energy from rations will be reduced. When mineral supplies are low due to the lack of minerals in an organism, the disturbed biochemical processes cause clinical and patomorphological changes. An excessive intake of minerals creates supplies in an organism, thus causing poisoning because of disruption of some biochemical reactions. Adequate feeding, inheritance base and proper training enable maximum use of horse’s potentials. Preparing a proper meal, regarding horse’s needs, presents a great challenge

Changes occurring in fatty acid content and tocopherol composition in oilseed rape seed during accelerated ageing

The high content of polyunsaturated and low content of saturated fatty acids gives the oilseed rape seed oil of high nutritional value and a special place in human nutrition. Considering their chemical composition, oily seeds have limited longevity. In the course of aging (both natural and accelerated) there occur changes in the molecule (peroxidation of fatty acids, protein oxidation, activation of nuclease, and DNA damage) that affect both cell membrane and organelles. Seeds of five varieties of oilseed rape were exposed to accelerated ageing (100% relative humidity, 41°C-72h) and seed quality tests of the seed material were performed (mean germination percentage, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight) before and after accelerated ageing treatment. Additionally, lipid composition was determined before and after accelerated ageing. Fatty acid (FA) composition was determined by gas chromatography (Konik HRGC 4000) coupled with a flame ionizing detector, after derivatization to their volatile methylesters (FAME)

Brašno - Kruh '15

Proceedings contains 28 original research articles presented at 8th International Congress Flour – Bread ’15 and 10th Croatian Congress of Cereal Technologists Brašno – Kruh ’1

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS