Emancipatory Pedagogy in Practice: Aims, Principles and Curriculum Orientation.

 This study was conducted to develop a practical framework for applying the theory of emancipatory or liberatory pedagogy in educational policy and practice. For this purpose, after a brief review on the evolutionary process of emancipatory pedagogy in education, the theoretical literature that explicates, describes, and discusses emancipatory pedagogy was reviewed and some important aspects related to practice, such as its practical possibility, educational aims, principles, and its orientation to curriculum was deducted. Based on the literature review, Emancipatory approach to education that heavily represented in the works of Paulo Freire, Ira Shore, Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren, is an innovative approach in education which has been successful in practice. Emancipatory pedagogy is founded on the notion that education should play a role in creating a just and democratic society. The main educational aims of this approach are manifestation of humanization, critical conscientization, and establishing a problem-posing education system. Emancipatory pedagogy has its main function the revelation of tacit values that underlie the enterprise and empowering students and teachers through overthrow the barriers between teachers and students, and invite them to critically analyze the political and social issues as well as the consequences of social inequity. This requires a negotiated curriculum based on true dialogue that values social interaction, collaboration, authentic democracy, and self-actualization towards making fundamental changes both individually and socially. 

Removal of Remazol Black B Dye by Electrocoagulation Process Coupled with Bentonite as an Aid Coagulant and Natural Adsorbent

Coloured discharge effluent into aquatic ecosystems may be carcinogenic and mutagenic besides aesthetic problems. In this work, the ability to remove (Remazol Black B) coloured water using electrocoagulation process is equipped with iron and aluminium electrodes with bentonite as a coagulant aid and natural adsorbent has been investigated. Remazol Black B was selected as a model dye and the treatment process was performed in a batch of electrocoagulation (EC) cell using iron and aluminium electrodes and bentonite. Experiments were conducted at 5 levels of various operational parameters at bench scale. The initial dye concentration was varied between 200-1200mg/L, pH ranging from 2-10; the retention time was between 0-60 minutes, the voltage studied was in the range of 5-30 V and the electrical conductivity was 0.25 to 2 Siemens/cm. Results showed that the use of electro-Aluminum and Iron, under optimum conditions of pH 2 and 4, the concentration of dye1000mg/L, the voltage of 30V and 30 min have the maximum dye removal of about 99% and 91%, respectively. Results showed that both electrode voltages increase the efficiency of the above process in paint removal with decreasing pH from 10 to 2 and increasing the voltage from 5 to 30 V. Results show that by electrocoagulation Process Coupled with Bentonite as an Aid Coagulant could be used as well as an effective method for dye removal from colored wastewater

Determinants of safe sexual behavior of female sex workers in Tehran:the woman, her network, and the sexual partner

BACKGROUND: Despite the steady growth of sexual transmission of HIV, there is little evidence about safe sexual behavior of FSWs, and social network effects on this behavior, in Iran. Our aim in this study was to determine the effect of social network characteristics on condom use among FSWs, considering individual characteristics of the FSWs and of their sexual partners, characteristics of their relationship, and the FSW’s personal network. METHODS: A cross-sectional ego-centric network survey of 170 FSWs was carried out in Tehran between January and June 2017. A multilevel ordered logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of individual and relational characteristics simultaneously. RESULTS: Condom use in sexual relationships of the FSWs on average was rather low. Important determinants of safe sexual behavior were found both at the level of the individual FSW and at the level of the sexual partner. The main determinants at the level of the individual FSW were FSWs’ age and HIV knowledge. At the level of the sexual partner, age and education of sexual partners, as well as intimacy, duration of tie, frequency of contacts with a given partner, frequency of contact, perceived social support, and perceived safe sex norms were significantly associated with condom use. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlighted that considering only the individual characteristics of female sex workers is not sufficient for effectively promoting condom use. Factors at the network and dyadic level should also be considered, especially the role of sexual partners. Network-based interventions may be useful which modify social relationships to create a social environment that can facilitate changes in sexual behavior

The relationship between barber knowledge an microbial infections from device used of beauty salons in Gonabad, Iran

Different factors increase risk of disease transmission in beauty salons and respect to its health conditions of barber, place and devices, as the major preventive factors, play an important role in the control of disease transmission. Hence the main purpose of this study was to evaluate effective factors on health and microbial conditions in Gonabad beauty salons in Iran. In a cross-sectional study, 73 beauty‌ salons were randomly selected. Data were compiled using a valid and reliable questionnaire, observation, interview, informal inspection of workplace and recording results of microbial cultures from device involved. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS software, version 16 ‌and descriptive statistics. Personal health index of barbers was 79.45% good and acceptable. In 89.03% of them, device health index was good and acceptable. Positive results of bacteria and fungi infections were more in who had low work experience, low literacy level and low occupational satisfactory. Non Staphylococcus aurous and Non Candida albicans were the main bacterial and fungi contaminations respectively. According to these results, improve health conditions in the barbershops, training on proper disinfection techniques, promotion of more application of disinfectants and avoid of unhealthy behaviors in beauty salons were suggested

Humic Acid Degradation via Solar Photo-Fenton Process in Aqueous Environment

Control of mutagenic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products, particularly Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Halo Acetic Acids (HAAs) in water treatment process is critical, due to their adverse effects on human health. Generally, reducing the toxicity of these by-products hinges on prior removal of the precursor materials, such as Humic Acid (HA) in drinking water. This study was conducted to investigate the role of some parameters that could affect the removal of HA, including HA (5 and 10 ppm) and H2O2 (20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm) initial concentrations, Iron (II), sulfate heptahydrate dosage (4, 8, 12, and 16 ppm), pH (2, 3, 4 and 5), Oxidation time (5, 10, 15 and 30 min), and Sunlight levels (322±13 kWm-2). To accelerate the process of HA removal, the Solar Photo-Fenton (SPF) process was employed by direct irradiation of converged sunlight in a Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC), with 3m2 effective area. HA levels were measured via quantifying Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentrations by means of a TOC Analyzer method. The results showed that the SPF process is under control of the Fe & H2O2 ratio, the Fe2+ dosage and especially the pH quantity. In optimal condition, (pH: 4, oxidation time: 30min, initial HA levels: 50 ppm, H2O2 concentrations: 20 ppm Fe+2 levels: 4 ppm), the study found more than 98% DOC removal. In conclusion, the SPF, as an economically effective technique, could be applied for the removal of HA in aqueous environments

Social network and HIV risk behaviors in female sex workers:A systematic review

Background: Social network characteristics have an important role in understanding HIV transmission among female sex workers. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize and critically appraise the existing studies on the social network characteristics and HIV risk behaviors among female sex workers. Method: A systematic review was performed using predefined eligibility criteria through searching electronic databases. Two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality of studies. Results: Nineteen papers met the eligible review criteria. The synthesized evidence suggests that characteristics of social networks, especially functional characteristics such as social support and social capital, are important constructs for understanding the HIV risk behaviors. Conclusions: The findings of the present review enhance our understanding of the role of social network characteristics in HIV risk behaviors among female sex workers. However, the findings also highlighted a dearth of knowledge about the association of structural characteristics of social networks with HIV risk behaviors among female sex workers

Removal of Remazol Black B Dye by Electrocoagulation Process Coupled with Bentonite as an Aid Coagulant and Natural Adsorbent

Coloured discharge effluent into aquatic ecosystems may be carcinogenic and mutagenic besides aesthetic problems. In this work, the ability to remove (Remazol Black B) coloured water using electrocoagulation process is equipped with iron and aluminium electrodes with bentonite as a coagulant aid and natural adsorbent has been investigated. Remazol Black B was selected as a model dye and the treatment process was performed in a batch of electrocoagulation (EC) cell using iron and aluminium electrodes and bentonite. Experiments were conducted at 5 levels of various operational parameters at bench scale. The initial dye concentration was varied between 200-1200mg/L, pH ranging from 2-10; the retention time was between 0-60 minutes, the voltage studied was in the range of 5-30 V and the electrical conductivity was 0.25 to 2 Siemens/cm. Results showed that the use of electro-Aluminum and Iron, under optimum conditions of pH 2 and 4, the concentration of dye1000mg/L, the voltage of 30V and 30 min have the maximum dye removal of about 99% and 91%, respectively. Results showed that both electrode voltages increase the efficiency of the above process in paint removal with decreasing pH from 10 to 2 and increasing the voltage from 5 to 30 V. Results show that by electrocoagulation Process Coupled with Bentonite as an Aid Coagulant could be used as well as an effective method for dye removal from colored wastewater

The status of international collaborations in compilation of Iranian scientific articles on environmental health engineering

Abstract Background Scientific cooperation is one of the effective methods to access current knowledge and technologies and also to use successful experiences of researchers in developed countries by academicians living in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the level of international contribution in compilation of scientific articles in Iranian journals published in the field of environmental health engineering. Methods This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted within a 10-year period (2008–2017), in which all articles published in five specialized Iranian journals of environmental health engineering were reviewed using a researcher-made checklist. The information collected in the checklist included: the year of publication, number of issues and articles, information about the status of authors’ participation in terms of number of authors, sex, institutional affiliation, country, continents, and research centers. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as index of dispersion, measures of central tendency, and Chi-square and t tests were used to statistically analyze the data. Besides, VOSviewer software was used to visualize the data. Results The review of 1276 articles published in 102 issues of the five journals of environmental health engineering in Iran showed that 184 articles were written with the participation of researchers from other countries. Most articles with the participation of international authors during the last decade were published in 2014. Chi-square test indicated a significant difference in the publication of these articles within 2014–2015 than other years (P = 0.001). Among the five journals, the best participation of international researchers was observed in J Environ Health Sci Engineer (168 articles, 91.3%). Considering the number of joint articles with Iran, the top continents were Asia, Europe, and Africa each with 117, 52, and 32 articles, respectively. India, Turkey, and Malaysia had the highest level of cooperation with Iranian researchers with 53, 16, and 14 articles, respectively. 637 authors contributed in 184 articles, of whom 469 (73.6%) were male and 121 (18.9%) were female. T test was used to compare the mean number of male and female authors in the articles with or without the participation of international researchers, which showed no significant difference. Conclusion International contribution of researchers in compilation of specialized environmental health articles was good. Given the low level of cooperation between researchers from developed European and American countries and their Iranian counterparts, it seems necessary to adopt different methods to attract more collaboration from researchers working in developed countries considering their significant role in health-related areas