Securing in-memory processors against Row Hammering Attacks

Modern applications on general purpose processors require both rapid and power-efficient computing and memory components. As applications continue to improve, the demand for high speed computation, fast-access memory, and a secure platform increases. Traditional Von Neumann Architectures split the computing and memory units, causing both latency and high power-consumption issues; henceforth, a hybrid memory processing system is proposed, known as in-memory processing. In-memory processing alleviates the delay of computation and minimizes power-consumption; such improvements saw a 14x speedup improvement, 87\% fewer power consumption, and appropriate linear scalability versus performance. Several applications of in-memory processing include data-driven applications such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Convolutional and Deep Neural Networks (CNNs/DNNs). However, processing-in-memory can also suffer from a security and reliability issue known as the Row Hammer Security Bug; this security exploit flips bits within memory without access, leading to error injection, system crashes, privilege separation, and total hijack of a system; the novel Row Hammer security bug can negatively impact the accuracies of CNNs and DNNs via flipping the bits of stored weight values without direct access. Weights of neural networks are stored in a variety of data patterns, resulting in either a solid (all 1s or all 0s), checkered (alternating 1s and 0s in both rows and columns), row-stripe (alternating 1s and 0s in rows), or column-striped (alternating 1s and 0s in columns) manner; the row-stripe data pattern exhibits the largest likelihood of a Row Hammer attack, resulting in the accuracies of neural networks dropping over 30\%. A row-stripe avoidance coding scheme is proposed to reduce the probability of the Row Hammer Attack occurring within neural networks. The coding scheme encodes the binary portion of a weight in a CNN or DNN to reduce the chance of row-stripe data patterns, overall reducing the likelihood of a Row Hammer attack occurring while improving the overall security of the in-memory processing system

Refinements and Advancements in Anterior Component Separation

This chapter will explore the newest innovations for performing anterior component separation (CS). It will include open CS, perforator sparing CS and minimally invasive component separation (MICS). It will also address the use of various meshes and their plane of inset. It will cover soft tissue management including panniculectomy, quilting sutures and drains. Fascial closure techniques will also be included. The highlight of this chapter will be the description of tips and tricks of performing MICS. We will also touch upon preoperative preparation such as body mass index (BMI) optimization and smoking cessation as well as management of postoperative complications including surgical site infections, skin necrosis and seroma

Insecure property rights and the housing market: explaining India's housing vacancy paradox

One housing paradox in many markets is the simultaneous presence of high costs and high vacancy rates. India has expensive housing relative to incomes and an urban housing vacancy rate of 12.4%. We show how insecure property rights in India, as a result of rent control and weak contract enforcement, increases vacancy rates. Using a two-way linear fixed effects panel regression, we exploit changes in rent control laws in the states of West Bengal, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Maharashtra to find that pro-tenant laws are positively related to vacancy rates. A pro-landlord policy change liberalizing rent adjustments could potentially reduce vacancy rates by 2.8 to 3.1 percentage points. Contract enforcement measured by density of judges is negatively related to vacancy. We estimate that a policy change in rent control laws would have a net welfare benefit and could reduce India's housing shortage by 7.5%

An Application of the supremum cosine angle between multiplication invariant spaces in L^2(X; \mc H)

In this article, we describe the supremum cosine angle between two multiplication invariant (MI) spaces and its connection with the closedness of the sum of those spaces. The results obtained for MI spaces are preserved by the corresponding fiber spaces almost everywhere. Employing the Zak transform, we obtain the results for translation invariant spaces on locally compact groups by action of its closed abelian subgroup. Additionally, we provide the application of our results to sampling theory

Clinical Symptoms and Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic form, progressive and immune mediated central nervous system disorder that affects both adults and children. MS is characterized by the development of multiple lesions with the nerve fibers in the spinal cord, optic nerves and brain. Multiple sclerosis affects the approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. A triad of symptoms characterize the disease: fatigue, changes in sensation, ataxia, muscle weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, visual problems, chronic or acute pain, difficulties of bladder and bowel. The diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis is made on the foundation of the signs and symptoms, with magnetic resonance imaging and additional laboratory tests playing a helpful role. Every tests are non precise and simply supply supportive indication for diagnosis. A few people have a inadequate number of “relapses” or “attacks” and remain fairly healthy for decades, others may worsen rapidly from the time of analysis, through shortened lifespan and poor excellence of the life. The  prognosis  is problematical to forecast; it depends on the initial symptom, subtype of the illness, the individual patient’s disorder characteristics. The substantial variability in multiple sclerosis manifestations leads to elevated figure of misdiagnoses each year, but advances in knowledge and pharmaceuticals are leading to more exact identification and successful management. Early diagnosis and management is essential in reducing the severity of disease

A Highly Efficient Bismuth Salts-Catalyzed Route for the Synthesis of Alpha-Aminophosphonates

A convenient synthesis of different types of α-amino phosphonates via one-pot solvent-free three component reactions of aldehydes, amines and phosphites catalyzed by bismuth salts has been investigated. Bismuth triflate is found to be the most effective catalyst for this reaction

Microwave-Assisted Ruthenium Trichloride-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrrole Fused With Indole System in Water

A simple and efficient microwave-induced ruthenium trichloride-catalyzed synthesis of pyrrole fused with indole system in water is developed by reacting commercially available isatin and 4-hydroxyproline

Recasting the pedagogy of derivations as loading of reality into mathematics

Derivations constitute a major component of physics education, particularly in India. They are usually taught as a string of mathematical propositions and procedures with little to no connection to the physical world (Sirnoorkar et al., 2016). This results in the whole teaching/learning process getting restricted to symbolic manipulations and mathematical operations, with the aim of arriving at an equation (Tuminaro & Redish, 2007; Walsh et al., 2007). In an effort to improve the learning experience of derivations, specifically to present derivations as an instance of building a mathematical model, we designed and developed an interactive learning system and an associated teaching narrative. This combination presents derivations as a process of systematically loading reality into mathematical symbols, to develop an ‘enactive prediction machine’ (the equation; Redish & Kuo, 2015). Through this structure, we make explicit the key processes involved in mathematical modelling of a real-world process (Majumdar et al., 2014). Providing an appreciation of the thinking process underlying derivations was one of our primary design requirements. Some of the key design features of the system are: • Rootedness in familiar real-world contexts, with anchoring questions• Explicit rendition of the conceptual structure and key steps in the derivation process• Interactive visualization and manipulability • Enactive equations Our goal was to understand how participants’ nature of learning was influenced by this new learning system and narrative. We tested the system by inviting participants with a minimal background in physics to interact with it. Results suggest that the system and associated teaching narrative provided an improvement over prior learning experiences specific to derivations. We briefly discuss the inputs we received, plausible reasons, and implications of these results. REFERENCES Majumdar, R., Kothiyal, A., Pande, P., Ranka, A., Murthy, S., Agrawal, H., & Chandrasekharan, S. (2014, August). The Enactive equation: Exploring How Multiple External Representations are Integrated, Using a Fully Controllable Interface and Eye-Tracking. Proceedings - IEEE 6th International Conference on Technology for Education, T4E 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/T4E.2014.31 Redish, E. F., & Kuo, E. (2015). Language of Physics, Language of Math: Disciplinary Culture and Dynamic Epistemology. Science & Education, 24(5), 561–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-015-9749-7 Sirnoorkar, A., Mazumdar, A., & Kumar, A. (2016). Students’ epistemic understanding of mathematical derivations in physics. European Journal of Physics, 38(1), 15703. https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/38/1/015703 Tuminaro, J., & Redish, E. F. (2007). Elements of a cognitive model of physics problem solving: Epistemic games. Physical Review Special Topics – Physics Education Research, 3(2), 020101. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.3.020101 Walsh, L. N., Howard, R. G., & Bowe, B. (2007). Phenomenographic study of students’ problem-solving approaches in physics. Physical Review Special Topics – Physics Education Research, 3(2), 020108