Representing crop rotations in life cycle assessment: a review of legume LCA studies

There is an imperative to accurately assess the environmental sustainability of crop system interventions in the context of food security and climate change. Previous studies have indicated that the incorporation of legumes into cereal rotations could reduce overall environmental burdens from cropping systems. However, most LCA studies focus on individual crops and miss environmental consequences of inter-annual crop sequence and nutrient cycling effects. This review investigates state-of-the-art representation of inter-crop rotation effects within legume LCA studies

Hand hygiene with hand sanitizer versus handwashing: what are the planetary health consequences?

In order to reduce the transmission of pathogens, and COVID-19, WHO and NHS England recommend hand washing (HW) and/or the use of hand sanitizer (HS). The planetary health consequences of these different methods of hand hygiene have not been quantified. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to compare the environmental impact of the UK population practising increased levels of hand hygiene during the COVID-19 pandemic for 1 year. Washing hands with soap and water was compared to using hand sanitizer (both ethanol and isopropanol based sanitizers were studied). The isopropanol-based HS had the lowest environmental impact in 14 out of the 16 impact categories used in this study. For climate change, hand hygiene using isopropanol HS produced the equivalent of 1060 million kg CO2, compared to 1460 million for ethanol HS, 2300 million for bar soap HW, and 4240 million for liquid soap HW. For both the ethanol and isopropanol HS, the active ingredient was the greatest overall contributing factor to the environmental impact (83.24% and 68.68% respectively). For HW with liquid soap and bar soap, there were additional contributing factors other than the soap itself: for example tap water use (28.12% and 48.68% respectively) and the laundering of a hand towel to dry the hands (10.17% and 17.92% respectively). All forms of hand hygiene have an environmental cost, and this needs to be weighed up against the health benefits of preventing disease transmission. When comparing hand sanitizers to handwashing with soap and water, this study found that using isopropanol based hand sanitizer is better for planetary health. However, no method of hand hygiene was ideal; isopropanol had a greater fossil fuel resource use than ethanol based hand sanitizer. More research is needed to find hand hygiene sources which do not diminish planetary health, and environmental impact is a consideration for public health campaigns around hand hygiene

Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective CuH-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Indolines

A diastereo- and enantioselective CuH-catalyzed method for the preparation of highly functionalized indolines is reported. The mild reaction conditions and high degree of functional group compatibility as demonstrated with substrates bearing heterocycles, olefins, and substituted aromatic groups, renders this technique highly valuable for the synthesis of a variety of cis-2,3-disubstituted indolines in high yield and enantioeselectivity.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award GM46059)Danish Council for Independent Research (Postdoctoral Fellowship

Feminist-Kaleckian Macroeconomic Policy for Developing Countries

This paper reviews evidence of the gender effects of globalization in developing economies. It then outlines a set of macroeconomic and trade policies to promote gender equity. The evidence suggests that while liberalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long-term goal of transforming gender inequalities remains unmet and appears unattainable without state intervention in markets. This paper sets forth some general principles that can produce greater gender equality, premised on shifting from economies that are profit led and export oriented to those that are wage led and full-employment oriented. The framework is Kaleckian in its focus on the relationship between the gender distribution of income and macroeconomic outcomes

Mesure de la polarisation des neutrons en cours d'expérience

Afin de mesurer la polarisation de neutrons de 14 MeV parallèlement aux expériences de diffusions, nous avons construit un polarimètre à hélium gazeux. Pour réduire la durée de la mesure à une valeur faible devant celle de l'expérience en cours, nous avons comprimé l'hélium à 150 bars dans un volume de 300 cm 3 placé le plus près possible de la source

Mesure de la polarisation des neutrons en cours d'expérience

To measure the 14 MeV neutron polarization during scattering experiments, we have built a gas polarimeter. To reduce the duration to a value small compared to that of the experiment in progress, we have compressed the helium at 150 bars in a volume of 300 cm3 disposed as near to the source as possible.Afin de mesurer la polarisation de neutrons de 14 MeV parallèlement aux expériences de diffusions, nous avons construit un polarimètre à hélium gazeux. Pour réduire la durée de la mesure à une valeur faible devant celle de l'expérience en cours, nous avons comprimé l'hélium à 150 bars dans un volume de 300 cm 3 placé le plus près possible de la source